Second Period, 1882-1965-Chinese Exclusion Act -U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 1898-Immigration Act of 1924-Senators influenced by eugenics → need to protect American work force-We need to give Americans jobs not immigrantsEugenics: Modern racial theory, pseudo-scientific, racial hygiene-Book: “The Rising Tide of Color” by Lothrop Stoddard → separation of races, white empire will fall-Belief in “bettering” races-Selection of mates → from traits, intelligence and attractiveness -Negative Eugenics: Discouraging reproduction by people that have unfavorable traits-Positive Eugenics: Encouraging reproduction by people that have favorable traits -State laws passed “better breeding”-Thousands of people were sterilized Magnuson Act, 1943 (Chinese Exclusion Repeal)-Chinese part of allied powers now-allowed Chinese Immigration since 1882-grants full citizenship to ChineseWWII Chinese Involvement-Mao was in charge of communist party in China and Chang Kai Sheik was in charge of the national party. They were at war with each other.-Japan begins to invade China in Sept. 1931 they invade Manchuria (NE China) because it was rich in raw materials, oil, minerals-League of Nations steps in and Japan withdrawals-July 1937, Japan launches full invasion -Japan has the 2nd best military at this time due to weaponry and size-Take Shanghai, NanKing, Beijing-Dec. 1937, Japanese cause a massacre in Nan King-300,000 Chinese civilians were killed, between 20,000-80,000 rapes took place, also beheading competitions took place-U.S. supported China and condemned Japan-Big 3: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill – “4 Policemen:” U.S., Britain, Russia, China-War Brides Act, 1945-Large influx of Chinese, Korean women and children in 1945Third Period, 1965-Present-Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: abolishes 1924 Act limits → signed by L.B. Johnson-Chinese Student Protection Act 1992-Grants permanency for Chinese Nationalists, especially from Chinese Universities → offers enrollment in U.S. Universities-Tienanmen Square: 1989, mourning for death of Chinese officials in Beijing in Tienanmen square -Chinese military uses force-3,000 people were gunned down in square-Foreign press blocked by ChineseJapanese Americans-Hayakawa: CA senator, dedicated to making the U.S. official language to English. Believed that even immigrants should speak the language -Inouye: Badass U.S. Senator from Hawaii, highest ranking Asian politician, oldest current senator. 1st Japanese American to serve in senate. Served at Pearl Harbor as a medical volunteer. In WWII, he was in the 442nd regiment combat → all Japanese regiment. Fought in Italy against Italians, Germans. Platoon commander → awarded medal of honor. He was shot three times, takes out 2 machine gun nests, rallies troops to take the hill, which they do and then his arm is blown off. He takes his blown off arm and throws the grenade in it and destroys the last nest and then guns down the rest of the Nazis on the hill!Meiji Restoration -Edo Period, 1600-1868-No emigration permitted (people were not allowed to leave)-1868 → centralized government, single monarchial figure in charge, land reform-Strong Western influence, rapid industrialization Hawaii slowly becomes Americanized -1885 first Japanese immigrants to work in sugar cane and pineapple business- <40% population becomes Japanese-Asiatic Exclusion League: Established 1905. 67 labor unions gathered to block Asian immigration → became 195 unions in 3 years-Aimed at targeting Asians to not own land, racial quotas-Gentlemen's Agreement, 1907-Japan needs to be treated as equally as Britain, etc.-Japanese-Russo force: Japan destroying Russian military-Japanese Picture Brides-Pamphlets of women sent to U.S. and men would pay for them to be sent to the U.S.-Anti-Japanese Legislation-California Alien Land Law, 1913: Prohibits Asian immigrants from owning land or property-Immigration Act of 1924-Sets racial quotas-1930's Japan invades ChinaWWII Japanese Involvement-Japan Dec. 7, 1941 bombs Pearl Harbor which causes widespread fear of a Pacific threat (Japan)-Japanese Internment Camps-Executive Order 9066, February 19, 1942-Certain areas where any or all persons may be excluded-Wanted to legally segregate Japanese -Government puts up signs throughout Japanese neighborhoods-11,000 Germans, 3,000 Italians were also interned-Korematsu v. U.S., 1944-6-3 Japanese Internment declared constitutional-Korematsu, U.S. citizen, knowingly violated internment order → arrested, convicted, supreme court famously upheld executive order that the camps were constitutional-Majority opinion (Supreme Court): security of U.S. citizens-Dissenting Opinion: Legalizing segregation -442d Regimental Combat Team-All Japanese-American unit-Most decorated unit in U.S. history -Fought in Italy, Germany and France during WWII-Civil Liberties Act 1988-Granted reparation payments to interned Japanese-Each given $20,000, 45 years after interment The 2 nd Industrial Revolution and The Robber Barron's -Expansion of industries and factories in the U.S.-Urbanization of cities-Robber Barron: wealthy men who used questionable business practices-New industries created:The Steam Engine-Powers railways, ships, factories-Prior to 1850, wood was used to make steam → caused widespread deforestation -Coal becomes more important → main fuel source in 1870's-By 1900, 270, 000,000 tons of coal are used every year to power cooking, heating, factories, trains, etc.Early Oil Drilling-1st application → refine it → kerosene used for lighting → before this whale oil was used-John D. Rockefeller: born in 1839, 1 of 6 kids, father worked in lumber factory, lived in N.Y.-By 1870, age 31, he founded “Standard Oil”-Refined oil from drilling sites-At first he only had one oil refinery → began aggressively expanding-Bought out oil companies → Horizontal Integration (combining small firms into a single corporations)-Trusts: stockholders give trusts to a group of people (trustees) to watch stocks, etc.-Engaged in behaviors → shut down rival companies after he buys them out. Says its just “business”, causes the price of oil to go up → price setting-Made deals with railroad companies to move oil in return of oil to power the train -Price of oil dropped 50% for consumers -He becomes “uber” rich-Railroad Expansion: 2 innovations1. Standardization: all trains were running on different gages before this time which meant people and cargo had
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