General body growth trends Growing rapidly between 3 and 6 years old Sleep Waken abruptly from deep sleep scream or sit up in bed not Boys tend to be taller and heavier 2 3 inches year 4 6 lbs year really awake 3 and 13 years old boys more than girls Repeated urination in clothing or bed Establish regular bed time no loud noises don t feed or rock child sticker chart later bedtime Gross large muscles for physical activity riding tricycle Fine physical skills involving small muscles and eye hand coordination cutting paper o night terrors o enuresis o encouraging good sleep habits gross motor fine motor skills handedness Preference for using a certain hand preventing obesity Start diet as a child while diet is still subject to parental influence Proportion control Regularly eating evening mean as a family Adequate amounts of sleep Less than 2 hours of tv day health Lower SES higher risk of illness injury and death Most damage caused during development Increased risk of bronchitis pneumonia and ear problems Piaget Animism Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive o Animism Centration Tendency of pre operational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others o and SES o smoke centration egocentrism conservation Egocentrism inability to consider another person s point of view Conservation awareness that two objects are equal as long as something isn t added or taken away Memory Recognition Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus Recall Reproduce a material from memory Vygostky Difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do Vocabulary Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after with help zone of proximal development Temporary support to help a child master a task hearing it in conversation Speech intended to be understood by a listener Talking to oneself without the intent to communicate o Recognition and recall o ZPD o scaffolding o Fast mapping o social speech o private speech Emergent literacy Preschooler s development of skills and attitudes that help with reading Erikson Initiative vs guilt and writing ABC puzzle o Need to deal with conflicting feelings about the self o Arises from growing desire to plan and do activities with reservations about doing so Gender All females are passive and dependent all males are aggressive and independent Children socialize themselve s in their gender roles by making up in their minds what it means to be female or male Children imitate models often parents or other adults and peers o And stereotypes o Gender schema o Social learning o And TV Parenting Styles Authoritarian Parenting style emphasizing control and self regulation Permissive Parenting style emphasizing self expression and self regulation Authoritative Style blending respect for a child s individuality while still Aggression Instrumental to achieve a goal installing social values o Influences on Overt direct openly directed at its target Siblings and only Younger siblings more likely to take risks children Relational damaging to someone s reputation relationships etc Heritable low self control environmentally influenced stressful atmosphere culture modeling media Prosocial and play oriented behaviors more likely among siblings than hostility and rivalry Children who are aggressive with their siblings are more likely to be aggressive with their friends Only children more motivated to achieve and have a higher self esteem Growth Trends 2 3 inches year between 6 and 11 years old and double their weight African American children grow faster Mexican girls have highest body fat Amount of sleep 10 hours 9 years old Rough and Tumble Play involving wrestling hitting and chasing while laughing and 9 hours 13 years old screaming Play Obesity 17 of children from 2 to 19 16 5 are overweight More likely to be overweight if they have overweight parents Behavior problems low self esteem high blood pressure diabetes Accidents Leading cause of death among school aged children Piaget conservation Concrete operations can figure out conservation problems Pre operational can t Understanding identity clay is still the same even if it is a different shape Reversibility clay can change back into the other shape Around 9 or 10 years old for clay to understand conservation of weight 12 before understanding liquid Memory The ability to direct one s attention and shut out distractions o Selective attention o Mnemonic strategies Inhibitory control voluntary suppression of unwanted responses Techniques to aid memory o External memory aids prompting by something outside the person making a list o Rehearsal conscious repetition o Organization grouping by categories mammals reptiles etc o Elaboration associating items to be remembered with something else musical staff EGBDF every good boy does fine IQ Gardner and Sternber Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences each person has several distinct forms of intelligence Sternberg s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence three elements of intelligence o Componential analytic aspect efficiently processing info how to solve problems originally to do o Experimental insightful or creative aspect of intelligence thinking o Contextual practical aspect size up a situation and decide what Reading Approach to teaching that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words Research proves that this is better Approach to teaching that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of context clues naturally learning o Phonetic o Whole language NCLB No Child Left Behind students can transfer out of shools that do not meet Gifted children IQ of 130 or higher certain requirements Grow up in enriched family environments parents often have high expectations for their gifted children unusual brains that enable rapid learning in a particular domain Erikson A major determinant of self esteem is children s view of rheir capacity for Parenting co regulation o Work o Poverty productive work Co regulation transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise oversight but children enjoy moment to moment self regulation o Sharing of power she is The more satisfied a mother is with work the more effective of a parent o Children do slightly better if parent is only part time 20 of U S children live in poverty o Emotional academic and behavioral problems o Mother s who are emotionally healthy and looked for support in the community had academically socially competent children Divorce U S has highest divorce rates
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