1 FAD 3220 Exam 2 Textbook Study Guide This is just a study guide for the textbook materials Please remember that all lecture materials are fair game for the exam as well Chapter 7 Enuresis Repeated urination in bed or clothing Motor skills gross and fine Gross Physical skills that involve the use of large muscles Fine Physical skills that involve the small motions and eye hand coordination Handedness Preference for using a particular hand Preoperational stage In Piaget s theory of cognitive development the second major stage of cognitive development in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic o Cognitive advances o Symbolic function Piaget s term for ability to use mental representations words numbers or images to which a child has attached meaning o Pretend play Play involving imaginary people and situations also called fantasy play dramatic play or imaginative play o Transduction Piaget s term for a preoperational stage child s tendency to link particular phenomena whether or not there is logically a casual relationship Ex bad behavior caused parents divorce o Animism Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive o Centration In Piaget s theory the tendency for preoperational children to focus on one aspect of the situation and neglect others o Decenter Ability to think about several aspects of a situation at one time o Egocentrism Inability to consider another person s point of view o Conservation Piaget s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration as long as nothing as been added or taken away from either object 2 o Irreversibility Piaget s term for a preoperational child s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions Information Processing o Encoding 1st step of memory processing In this process information is prepared for long term storage and later retrieval o Storage putting away of information for later use 2nd step o Retrieval process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage 3rd step o Sensory memory Initial brief temporary storage of sensory information o Working memory Short term storage of information being actively processed o Executive function The conscious control of thoughts emotions and actions to solve problems or accomplish goals o Central executive In Baddeley s model the element of working memory that orders information encoded for transfer to long term memory o Long term memory Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods o Recognition The ability to identify something encountered before o Recall Ability to reproduce material from memory Language it once or twice in a conversation o Grammar and Syntax o Fast mapping Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing o Pragmatics The practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate o Social speech Speech intended to be understood by a listener o Private speech Talking aloud to oneself without the intention to communicate with others o Emergent literacy Preschooler s development of skills knowledge and attitudes that 3 underlie reading and writing Chapter 8 Self concept sense of self how we feel about ourselves and guides our actions Self definition the way we describe ourselves o Single representations In neo Piagetian terminology the first stage in development of self definition Statements about the self are one dimensional Ex I like pizza I m strong o Representational mapping The second step of in development of self definition Begin to make logical connections between one aspect of himself and another I can run fast and I m strong I can also throw a ball really far I m going to be on a team some day Still expressed in all or nothing terms completely positive Real self The self one actually is Ideal self The self one would like to be Self esteem The judgement a person makes about his or her self worth Initiative vs guilt Erikson s third stage in psychosocial development in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so Gender o Gender identity Awareness developed in early childhood that one is a male or female o Gender roles Behaviors interests attitudes skills and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex gender roles o Gender typing Socialization process where children at an early age learn appropriate o Gender stereotypes Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior o Theory of sexual selection Darwin s theory that gender roles developed in response to men s and women s differing reproductive needs o Identification In Freudian theory the process by which a young child adopts characteristics beliefs attitudes values and behaviors of the parent of the same sex 4 o Gender constancy Awareness that one will always be male or female o Gender schema theory Bem s theory that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture o Social cognitive theory Bandura s theory an expansion of social learning theory holds that children learn gender roles through socialization Play ball crayon drawing hopscotch Parenting o Functional play Play involving repetitive large muscular movements such as rolling a o Constructive play Play involving the use of materials to make something Ex blocks or o Dramatic play Play involving imaginary situations or people also termed as pretend play fantasy play or imaginative play o Formal games with rules organized games with known procedures and penalties Ex o Discipline Methods of molding children s character and of teaching them to exercise self control and engage in acceptable behavior o Corporal punishment Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior o Psychological aggression o Inductive techniques Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child s sense of reason and fairness o Power assertion Intended to stop or discourage bad behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control it includes demands threats withdrawal of privileges spanking o Withdrawal of love disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring isolating or showing dislike for a child o Baumrinds model and parenting styles 5 Authoritarian parenting parenting style emphasizing
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