Pages 271-300Ch.6: motivation -199-221-sex, hunger and eatingChapter 8-social interaction and influence pg.271-300Chapter 9- abnormal treatment and behaviors part 1Chapter 10- abnormal treatment and behaviors part 2-basic physiological factors that affect eating:--serotonin-how do we know we’re hungry?--leptin: neurotransmitter released from fat cells that tell you when you’re full-metabolism: the process by which cells in our body produce energy-glucose: energy source that our cells use for metabolism--level is monitored by the liver--if glucose gets low, we feel hungry-ventromedial hypothalamus tells us when we are hungry-lateral hypothalamus tells us when we’re full--stimulated when levels of glucose are high-energy is stored in fat cells in the body-biological factors that influence hunger:--genetics---set point (fat cells) # of fat cells are inherited-psychological factors:--stress--cultural differences---exercise, diet, body image-obesity: BMI>30--obesity can lead to depression--causes of obesity:--too many calories (exercise and diet)--low metabolism--low serotonin--decreased amounts of leptin-anorexia nervosa: refusal to maintain body weight at an appropriate level--true anorexia: out of control--strategic anorexia: to maintain a goal--low level of serotonin in the hypothalamus (co-occurs with anxiety and depression) and genetic factors (75% in identical twins)-abnormal behavior: -distress: abnormal behavior causes distress--ex. people with OCD have large amounts of distress if they don’t do their compulsions-disability: ability to function normally has been impaired-deviance: deviating from normal standards of behavior-DSM: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-historical background--supernatural explanations (ex. devil and exorcism)---physiological explanations --humane care---psychological explanations-modern explanations:--psychodynamic explanation and psychotherapy---learning explanation and behavior therapy---cognitive explanation and cognitive-behavior therapy---physiological explanation and drugs-disorders as “packages”---symptoms, causes and treatments--different disorders have different causes--the same disorder can have different causes--different treatments must be used to treat different causes--physiology provides the final pathway to symptoms-anxiety disorders--phobias--agoraphobia (public)--social phobias (others/criticism)--specific phobias--causes and treatments:--classical conditioning and extinction-generalized anxiety disorder: prolonged period of stress without any specific stimulus--causes: unconscious conflicts, classical conditioning, incorrect beliefs, underactive inhibitory neurons--treatments: antianxiety drugs that increase GABA--relaxation training and cognitive therapy-panic disorder--overly sensitive respiratory control center--serotonin is neurotransmitter of respiratory control center-mood disorders: PTSD, OCD, Bipolar disorder,--OCD: classical conditioning, incorrect beliefs and exposure and response prevention-dissociative disorders:--depersonalization1.) schizophrenia is a disorder classified by symptoms such as:a. hallucinationsb. delusionsc. disruptions of thought processesd. all of the above**2.) Hallucinations involvea. bizarre beliefs that are held despite evidence to the contraryb. sensory experiences that do not have a basis in reality**c. problems with thought processes that usually result from distractiond. none of the above3.) while some individuals with schizophrenia are able to function effectively in society, many other individuals with schizophrenia experiencea. a decline in intellectual functioning**4.) symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, delusions a. positive symptoms5.) a high level of dopamine leads to a high level of neurological activity being carried up to the higher areas of the brain and the high level of neurological activity in the cortex leads to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia 6.) drugs that reduce dopamine activity are effective for reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia 7.) negative symptoms of schizophrenia result from:a. excessively low levels of neurological activity in the brain8.) child rearing factors do NOT cause schizophrenia 9.) neuroleptics treat schizophrenia-atypical neuroleptics: specialize between motivation:1.) the homeostatic explanation involves:- behaving in ways that will maintain our optimal level of
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