Review Sheet for Final in-class ExamDevelopment1. Know three stages and associated major activities of prenatal development- Germinal (conception-2weeks): Begins with conception and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall. Rapid cell division takes place.o Major Activity: Rapid Cell Division - Embryonic (3rd-8th week): Following implantation, major development occurs in all the organs and systems of the body. Development takes place through the processesof cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death, as well as hormonal influences.o Major Activity: Organ Development- Fetal (9th week-birth): Continued development of physical structures and rapid growth of the body. Increasing levels of behavior, sensory experience, and learning.o Major Activity: GROWTH2. Know stages of Piaget’s theory of development and defining features (object permanence, egocentrism, conservation concept, abstract thinking, etc).- Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stageo Object Permanence : an object exists even when we cannot see it o Progression from reflex responses to goal oriented behavior, trial & error- Stage 2: Preoperational o Egocentrism: tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of viewo Lack of understanding the conservation concept: the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties o Centration: focus on one dimension and ignore others- Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage o Reversibility (actions can be reversed)o Conservation o Decentration (able to notice more than one dimension at once)o Still struggle with thinking systematically and hypothetically - Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage o Individuals can: think abstractly, reason hypothetically, reason systematically about all possible outcomes of a situation, imagine alternative worldso Not universally achieved 3. Know AND BE ABLE TO DISCUSS central findings of Harlow’s study and Ainsworth’s follow-up experiment (discuss central findings and implications).Harlow’s Study:- Attachment Theory : children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers—increasing the chances of their own survival- Research: Reared monkeys with cloth and wire mothers and tested the bond by seeing who the monkeys ran to in frightening/novel situations- Contact Comfort: seemed to be essential to developing attachment—Monkeys raised with only wire mother did not interact with other monkeys normally Ainsworth Follow Up: Focus on finding empirical support for attachment theory - Parental sensitivity to infant signals was key to attachment developmento Responding to cryingo Feeding o Providing face-to-face interactions o Letting babies engage in explorationo Approaching babies frequently, showing affection- “Strange Situation” Experiment: The child is exposed to seven episodes, including two separations and reunions with the caregiver and interactions with a stranger when alone and when the caregiver is in the room4. Know differences between and central features of secure, insecure, avoidant and disorganized attachment styles- Secure Attachment: infant has a high-quality, relatively un-ambivalent relationshipwith attachment figureo In strange situation may be upset when the caregiver leaves but will be happy to see them return, recovers quickly from distress, used caregiver as a secure base for exploration- Insecure Attachment: infants are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than explore the environment o Tend to become very upset when caregiver leaves them alone in room, are notreadily comforted by strangers, when caregiver returns are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them- Avoidant: infants seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregivero Seem indifferent toward their caregiver before they leave the room and indifferent/avoidant when they return, if children become upset when left alone they are easily comforted by a stranger as by caregiver 5. Know defining features of parenting styles and generate examples of child and parent characteristics associated with each.- Authoritative: High in demandingness and high in supportiveness o Relationship is reciprocal, responsive; high in bidirectional communication - Authoritarian: High in demandingness and low in supportiveness o Relationship is controlling, power-assertive; high in unidirectional communication- Permissive: Low in demandingness and high in supportivenesso Relationship is indulgent; low in control attempts - Rejecting/Neglect: Low in demandingness and low in supportivenesso Relationship is rejecting or neglecting; involvement Wellness6. Know what homeostasis is and what brain system is involvedHomeostasis: Functioning at an optimal level Hypothalamus is the main brain system involved 7. Know defining features of and differences between traumatic stress, chronic stress, everyday hassles, and positive stress- Traumatic Stress: extremely negative stress o Waro Natural Disasterso Crimes- Chronic Stress: can have lots of health consequences extended release of cortisol & its effects on body; reduce the immune system (when most stressed, you are morelikely to get sick)o Povertyo Health Problems - Everyday Hassles:o Stuck in traffico Sleep through alarmo Put on hold on phone o Coffee line is too long- Positive Stress:o Fun events (vacations, birthdays)o Motivating factor (mild test anxiety)8. Recognize examples of physiological implications of chronic stress- Ulcers (indirectly)- Impaired immune function- Cardiovascular disease- Kill brain cells - Increase weight gain- Alter chromosomes 9. Identify examples of ineffective and effective coping strategies for stress and the defining difference between themIneffective Strategies:- Ignoring- Avoidance- Substance useEffective Strategies:- Journaling- Adjust your perspective - Emotion regulation: ability to successfully control emotions 10. Know difference between problem-focused versus emotion-focused coping- Problem-focused Coping: all about reducing or eliminating the cause of a stressoro Looks like: defining the problem; generating alternative solutions; following a plan of action.- Emotion-focused Coping: all about managing your emotional reaction to a stressoro Looks like seeking emotional support; engaging in positive reappraisal (kind of like seeing the “silver lining”); expressing emotions; using
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