PSYC 104Unit 4o Motivationo Social Interaction and Influence o Abnormal Behavior and Treatment (Part I & II)Abnormal Behaviors and TreatmentsWhat is abnormal?o Distress, Disability and Devianceo The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)Historical Background (then and now?)o Supernatural Explanations (ex. the Devil and exorcism)o Physiological Explanations (Hippocrates and humorso Humane Care (The Bethlehem Hospital, Philipp Pinel and Dorothea Dix)o Psychological Explanations (Freud and those who followed)Modern Explanationso The Psychodynamic Explanation and Psychotherapyo The Learning Explanation and Behavior Therapyo The Cognitive Explanation and Cognitive-Behavior Therapyo The Physiological Explanation and DrugsDisorders as “Packages” --- (Symptoms, Cause and Treatments)o Different disorders have different causeso The same disorder can have different causeso Different treatments must be used to treat different causeso Physiology provides the final pathway to symptoms--o DSM: determines what is abnormal and not abnormal in original: talked about the symptoms of disorder, cause of disorder, treatment of disorder we now only talk about the symptoms because our understanding of the cause of the disorder is changing no discussion of treatments in order to avoid misleading people Supernatural Explanations: Devil was thought to be the cause of abnormal behaviors and the only treatment was exorcism exorcism: drive the spirit out- Catholic church- people will pray for the relief of symptoms - Salem witchcraft trials1 girls were held under water and if they were still alive when they came up they were considered a witcho Physiological Explanations: imbalance of humors in the body (fluids) excessive levels of black humor = depression Hippocrates neurotransmitters o Humane Care mental patients were not treated very well - hidden away - chained to walls- starved Pinel suggested treating patients humanely - took chains off of them and fed them Dorothea Dix:- teacher- one woman campaign - founded around 40 state mental hospitalso Psychological Explanations: Freud o learning approach some hospitals have token-economy ward- does not treat underlying disordero Cognitive Explanation: if you convince the patient that they are not a bad person they will stop being depressed- have to think of symptoms, causes and treatments when seeing a patient - neurotransmitters in brain stress influences brain - what causes physiological problems? Anxiety Disorderso Phobias- Agoraphobia- Social Phobia- Specific Phobiaso Generalized Anxiety Disordero Panic Disordero Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder2-phobias: - irrational fears-- Agoraphobia: fear of being in a situation in which you may make a fool of yourself and want to escape from the situation--- results in strange behaviors--- (ex. woman has belief that she would somehow breakdown and do something embarrassing when she was out shopping. Cause of anxiety would get higher as time went by. Did her shopping early in the morning. Went to bed the night before completely dressed so when she wakes up the next morning she can get out of bed quickly and go to the store. Would hurry through aisles and get to checkout fast. Panics when there are two or three people in front of her in line so she leaves her food and runs back to her car where she feels comfortable.)--- (ex. make up excuses saying you have to do homework to avoid going out and doing something with friends) -- Social phobias: phobias of social situations where you might make a fool of yourself--- (ex. concerned about making a fool out of herself on the phone. Called first thing in the morning.)-- Specific Phobias: --- (ex. fear of dogs, fear of feet, fear of trains,)- Causes of phobias:-- classical conditioned (Little Albert & white rat)- To get rid of phobias that are classically conditioned you produce the stimulus without it being paired with the fear-- get rid of phobias through extinction -cognitive approach and learning approach: changing a belief--learning approach more effective than cognitive approach (?)-if you have one phobia it’s likely you will have another one-why do some people have phobias and some people don’t?--physiological reactive=phobias--base of phobia is related to … reaction?-Treatment of phobias:- dim down physiological arousal -- alcohol reduces arousal thereby eventually reducing phobia-Xanax…-Generalized Anxiety Disorder:- individual is constantly anxious- hard to interact with people - high levels of arousal high anxiety can lead to heart problems- no specific stimulus associated with generalized anxiety- have low levels of substances that activate inhibitory neurons in the brain3- GABA - taking an antidepressant - serotonin activates inhibitory areas in the brain-Panic Disorder:- physiological disorder- panic attack: bad chest pains, heart beats fast, head gets hot, feel like passing out or dying-- usually last about 20 minutes- for many years we have misdiagnosed panic attacks as heart attacks-- same symptoms as heart attacks- take antidepressants for panic attacks- people with panic attacks have over active respiratory control centers-- respiratory control center: monitors level of carbon dioxide in your blood--- low level of serotonin - antidepressants increase levels of serotonin so respiratory control center is fine and you don’t have as many panic attacks- sometimes people with panic attacks also have depression-- deals with levels of serotonin - Freudians said panic attacks were due to …-Schizophrenia: deterioration to the brain that can’t be treated-major symptoms: --hallucinations: things you hear, see, feel, that are not real--(ex. betty sees people come into her bedroom at night and stand at the foot of her bed and tell her that she should cut herself and die. Ex. sees blood running down peoples faces)--delusions: beliefs that things are happening that aren’t --(ex. police are chasing you when they really aren’t)-individuals with schizophrenia cant screen out different noises -disturbed thought process--two forms of schizophrenia:--positive symptoms: things that everyone else don’t have: hallucinations, delusions, --negative symptoms: lack things that everybody else has: -Betty:-skipped her senior year of high school because she was so smart-had no symptoms-randomly got schizophrenia -one of the first people to try all of the new medications
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