KU PSYC 104 - Intelligence; Motivation; Emotions and Health
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Psych 104-HolmesReading Period #3Topics: Intelligence; Motivation; Emotions and Health; Personality; Development; Social Interaction and Influence.Emotions: Cognitive Explanations: 1. Thoughts lead to arousal and/or behaviors, which then lead to emotions (the James-Lange Theory)-Thoughts- arousal and/or behaviors- - -> emotion2. Thoughts lead to emotions and arousal separately (the Cannon-Bard Theory):-Thoughts-emotionphysiological arousal 3. Arousal is labeled as an emotion (the Schachter-Singer Theory):- Nonspecific physiological arousal- interpreted as emotion- - -> emotion Physiological Explanation:1. Changes in activity in a specific area of the brain- emotion-Sympathetic nervous system: stimulates more activity--a person with more will be more emotional -sympathetic branch: (lie detector test (very unreliable))-when you tell a lie, you get a surge of electrical activity more sympathetic activity causes heart rate to go up and hands to perspire-Guilty Knowledge Technique: person who committed the criminal act knows something about the crime that only the criminal would know --*works very well-emotions are pretty much the same across all cultures -women show more emotions than men (warmth, happiness, nurturing/positive responses)-men show (anger, content, pride)-ex. young females (when given a gift they don’t like) will be gracious if other people arepresent but when they aren’t with other people they will show their real emotions towardsthe gift (dislike)-people who are more depressed, “down”, will interpret things in a less positive wayempathy is more pronounced …white hemisphereTopic III: StressStress and Stressors The steps that leads to stress and defense (Figure 7.5)-Awareness and Appraisal of a Stressor-->-Attempts to Cope with the Stressor  If coping is effective, the process is stopped Stress Response:  Cognitive Component Physiological Component Possible use of defense mechanisms  if the defense is effective, stress is reduced but the stressor remains and may cause problems laterDefense mechanisms -denial (redefinition)-displacement-suppression (distraction)-repressionOther factors in the control of stress-social support, counseling, and psychotherapy -writing about stress-aerobic exercise-meditation and biofeedbackInfluence of Genetics on StressorsStress, Your Brain, and Your Behavior-biofeedback stress results in:-increased physical arousal-heart attacks and strokes--high levels of cholesterol Heart attacks: due to progressive increase in cholesterol of artery-over time cholesterol accumulates on the wall of the artery-causes very small passageway for blood to flow--blood cant get to muscle-we need cholesterol -cholesterol is used to nourish and protect cells- when you become stressed you produce more cholesterol --link between psychological function and cardiovascular problem--applies to heart and brain-stroke brain-Type A personality: individual characterized by competitiveness, time urgent --this type of person will hit the elevator button multiple times instead of pushing it once and stepping back and waiting--hostility causes stress which results in greater production of cholesterol which will result in a heart attack-time urgency: impatient --type A people are more likely to have heart attacks later in life-stress is related to production of cholesterol --the body is expecting that there is going to be damage done.--produces cholesterol to protect that damage--cholesterol is a building block to fix problems that are going to happen-cholesterol accumulates on the inside of arteries --prevents proper blood flow --stretches skin and creates stretch marks-heart rate slows down-treatment: -bypass surgery: create another path to heart -angioplasty-personality change from type A to B is extremely rare-blood pressure:-systolic: high-diastolic: low-120/80 is normal blood pressure- if pressure is too high the capillaries will burst which will kill neurons and make parts of the brain die-if blood pressure is high it causes stroke, develops stretch marks, -when you lift too much weight, systolic blood pressure can get too high and neurons are lost-light weights with less repetitions = better for you.--blows less circuits in the brain-hypertension: 140/90--too high. --change lifestyle to lower blood pressure-type A behavior is due to high blood pressure-suppression of emotions due to blood pressure--constant level of tension--minorities hold in emotions (of discrimination) -cortisol: leads to more energy, strength, --can damage hippocampus--excessive levels can cause problems with short term memory-cholesterol interferes with functioning of hippocampus-stressedproduce more cortisol interferes with function of hippocampus cant remember -stress causes problems with memory-genes and personality-individuals are more like their identical twins than their fraternal twins-similarities between children and their parents:-biological parents and adoptive children are very different than each other-if you are raised by biological parents you will be like them--if you are raised by adoptive parents you will be different because you share different genes-genes are related to traits such as: aggression, empathy, interests, drug abuse, age of firstsexual intercourse, thrill seeking, stability of personality -generally thought that genes have a high percentage of genetic component --environmental factors--errors in measurement-genes account for 50% of personality and environmental factors are the other 50%--not true because you have to take errors of measurement out of environmental factors-genes 50%, environmental factors ..%-50% of personality is due to genetic factors-mediating variable: neurotransmitters--if you inherit a low level of serotonin, you and your parents will be more likely to be unhappy and depressed-biochemical factors--can change level of serotonin -you can change the personality of someone who is depressed with drugs-Prozac-anxiety is a characteristic of depression-anxiety becomes part of personality-if you treat anxiety (with drugs) you can change personality-hormones are substances secreted by glands of the body-testosterone: aggression, “macho”-parental hormones influence physical development (during pregnancy)-transgender: due to cross sex hormone exposure during a specific time during fetal development of the brain-personality tests:-MMPI test: 550 questions, scored for schizophrenia,


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KU PSYC 104 - Intelligence; Motivation; Emotions and Health

Course: Psyc 104-
Pages: 7
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