Possible Causes of schizGenetics are most important causeBiological traumas – ex: mother has serious case of flu during 2nd or 3rd trimester likeliness of schiz baby increases drasticallyBirth – if child is deprived of oxygen or grabbing of skull in certain way (damaging brain) can increase likeliness of schizStress – high levels of prolonged stress ex: soldiers, natural disasters due to the fact that stress releases a ton of neurotransmitters that flood the brainGender – men more likely to suffer from negative symptomsCauses of negative symptomsNegative symptoms of schiz is brain damageLow brain activity due to shrinking size of brain – hippocampusCause - Due to excessive levels of dopamine from brain stem into cortex area in nerve tracts results in excessive level of brain activity which leads to the hallucinations leads to disruption in thought process and wordTreatmentDrugs: neuroleptic drugs – block the receptor sites for the dopamineTheorozine failureCauses person to eventually develop retardation which was irreversible and only was to temporarily fix it was to give them more theorozineClozoril went to brain and reduced neurological symptoms but did not fix physiological symptoms major breakthroughTreatment for schiz involves a combination of many of the drugsPrefrontal lobotomyPush eye back into socket and you cut up the frontal lobe of the brain with ice pick notion was that there were problems with connections in prefrontal lobe so solution would be to cut it up did not work and people were seriously brain damagesFamily therapyDepends on if patient has a “hot” or “cold” environment to go back to if they get released from hospital Need a “cool” environment home environment where there isn’t a lot of conflict ect. To keep arousal in brain down (stress)Token EconomyRewarded for not showing symptomsDoes not cure but teaches person to not show symptomsWay to get released from hospitalRecoverySomehow over time people get better in hospitals people play role of a schiz patient keeping them schizPeople who got better were people who did better in high school, females (have positive schiz symptoms)Obsessive Compulsive Disorderthoughts you cannot get out of your head and actions you cannot help doingSchizophreniaPositive symptomsDue to overstimulation and excessively high levels of dopaminePrognosis: likely to get betterNegative symptomsDue to Deterioration of the brainPrognosis: cannot reverse brain damageAnxiety DisorderPhobiasSymptom: an irrational fear caused by classical conditioningTreatment: extinctionGeneral anxiety disorderChronically anxiousCaused by low levels of the inhibitory neurons inhibition isn’t high enough so there is a constant level of anxietyTreatment: antianxiety drugsPanic disorderFeel like cant breath, going to dieCaused by the respiroty control center over active measures CO2 in blood , when level gets too high it tells you to take big breath but if there is a malfunction in it, if level is too high the control center tells you your suffocatingTreatment: antidepressants increases level of seratoninPTSDPost Traumatic Stress DisorderCaused by classical conditioning really serious anxiety attacks, faced with similar situationTreatment: extinctionOCDObsessive Compulsive DisorderNo good explanation can be a variety of thingsCaused by low level of seratoninTreatment: antidepressants that increase serotonin levelSomatoform Disorders – disorders in which symptoms take form of a physical disorderSomatization will always treat symptoms even if not real many times if just treat depression symptoms person thinks are there will go awayHypochondriasisTake small problem and blow it completely out of proportionPainIndividual who constantly complains about pains to which there is no medical reason for themConversionUncommon nowInvolves problem in a use of a muscle now know they are actually underlying physical disorders like carpel tunnel syndromeBody DysmorphicOccurs when an individual has great concerns about some really minor physiological attribute ex: nose is too big, boobs are too small etc.Dissociative Disorders – involve dissociating self (moving self away) from real personality no evidence because involves repressionAmnesia amnesia from threatening experiences and person represses past experienceFugue like dissociative amnesia but person becomes amnesiac for entire life and moves to different location to start completely new life *no evidence for it bc involves repression people usually faking itIdentity (i.e. multiple personality) not a real thingDepersonalization out of body experienceMood Disorder – problems with eating, mood, sleeping – feeling of uselessnessDepressiveWidespread: about 15% of populationCauses:due to stress because stress lowers serotonin and serotonin is crucial for mood in hypothalamus where mood is controlled can offset by social support and exercisegenetics (family history) have parent who suffers from depression one is at substantially increased risks for depressionBrain damage can also cause depressing in left prefrontal cortexTreatment: CBT therapy, light therapy (person sits under very bright light)Electroconvulsive therapyShock therapy one shock across your brainFor Serious form of depression when drugs aren’t workingWay we do it today we get fewer shocks at lower levels no damageUsed to give a lot of high levels of shocks and would cause brain damageAppear smarter after shock therapy bc one isn’t depressed anymoreDrug treatments:SSRI’s – reduce the reuptake of serotoninAtypical – increase levels of dopamineProblems w/ drugs: drugs may take four weeks to have an effect, can have side effects, drugs are treatments not cures, different drugs are effective for different persons, the combination of drugs plus psychotherapy is often more effective than drugs aloneImportant: exercise (increases levels of serotonin because reduces stress), social supportWomen are twice as likely to suffer from depressionPostpartum depressionperiod of depression after women give birthwoman cant control emotions (will burst into tears) and will often feel guilty for feeling this waymany times become homicidal and in extreme cases may kill child in one way or anotherwill eventually go away treated like any other depressionDysthymicUnhappy people don’t qualify for a diagnosis for
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