Exam Three Overview PERSONALITY 1. Personalitya. Personality IS:i. Pattern of behavior that is consistent across situations1. Demands of the situationa. Consistency?ii. Personab. Freudi. Psychosexual Development (Stages)1. Oral2. Anal3. Phallica. Penis Envyb. Castration Anxiety4. Latent5. Genitalii. Psychoanalysis1. Free association2. Catharsisiii. Case Studies (FRAUD) (no empirical evidence)1. Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim)2. Emma Ecksteina. Nose Job c. Neo-Freudiansi. Theories retained influence of early childhood experiencesii. Alfred Adler: feelings of inferiorityiii. Karl Jung: collective unconsciousiv. Karen Horney: interpersonal conflict2. Learning Explanationsa. Classical Conditioning: Emotionsb. Operant Conditioning: Behavior3. Testinga. MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)b. Projective Testsi. Rorschachii. TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)4. Role of Geneticsa. 50%b. Adoption Studiesc. Twin StudiesIntelligence1. The Concept of Intelligencea. Specific abilities vs. General intelligencei. General intelligence is a reflection of underlying neurological factorsii. How fast someone can process something.;iii. Library analogy (look up a book you need in the resources center vs look it up online)iv. Activate cell assembly and then it will function. Some people have faster speed of processing than other people.;b. Specific abilities (primary mental abilities)c. General intelligencei. Speed of neural processing1. One of the best measurements of intelligence is reaction time.;ii. Use of problem-solving strategies2. Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligencea. Crystallized is the knowledge you have.;i. Ex: how many days of the week are there?;ii. Something hard that won’t ever go away.b. Fluid intelligence is more of a problem solving ability.;i. It can slip away over time.;ii. As you get older, you tend to lose it.;3. Social and emotional intelligencea. Social: knowing how to interact with other peoplei. Individuals who got the highest grades, were not necessarily the people who got kickass jobs because they need to also have social intelligence (people skills).ii. Delayed gratification;b. Emotional: your knowledge of yourself.;i. If you know you don’t function well in situations, you avoid them.;4. A Brief History of Intelligence Testinga. Selecting students for remedial helpi. 7 tests that can identify how many [tests] students can doii. Solve more? More intelligent.b. Screening immigrants for Exclusioni. Excluded people based on cultural tests. Tennis court look like? Yards on a fb field?c. Development of New Testsi. Tester gets to watch you work.5. Basic requirements for a good intelligence testa. Reliabilityb. Validityc. Scores and Normsd. Criterion Relevance6. Types of intelligence testsa. Individual testsb. Culture-free testsc. Rapid review of the measurement of intelligenced. Questions for making connections7. Mental Retardationa. Levels of Mental Retardationb. Genetic Causesi. Down Syndromeii. PKU (phenylketonuria)1. Used to be very serious2. Occurs because there is an acid that is normally produced inthe brain but then there is an other substance that breaks the acid down so it doesn’t do any harm. With people who have this form of retardation, the acid does not get broken down and their brain is literally destroyed.3. If an infant has this issue, doctors can find it and help fix it before it becomes detrimental.iii. Other Forms of Genetically Caused Retardationc. Physical Causes in the Environmenti. Alcohol1. Pregnant women who drink alcohol, destroys the brain of thefetus.;ii. Diseases1. Measlesiii. Chemical Toxins1. Lead2. Restrictions on what paint you use when painting your house.;3. If the old lead starts to chip off the wall and a kid gets a hold of it, puts it in their mouth... that kid is basically fucked.;d. Psychosocial Causesi. Children who are raised in homes where there is little stimulation (no talking at dinner, no museums, no “sesame street”), they will not learn what all the rest of the kids... That can cause social retardation (can be overcome).;e. The Role of Persons with Retardation in Society8. Giftednessa. Usually referred to as “nerds.” That is a stereotype.;b. Psychosocial Adjustmentc. The Savant Syndrome9. Biological Bases of Intelligence;a. Brain Sizei. Overall Brain Sizeii. Size of Specific Structures1. Some are specific to intelligence and some aren’t.;a. Hippocampus: because it processes things for storage and memoryb. Cortex: thickness of the cortex. Thicker cortex, more intelligent because that’s where your thinking goes onc. Corpus Callosum: because it enables the two hemispheres to interact with one anotherb. Brain Functioningi. Speed of Neural Conductionii. Efficiency of Neural Conduction1. Looking at the amount of glucose a person has or uses.2. Glucose is the fuel on which your brain works.3. Higher levels of glucose, you have higher efficiency.;4. Occasional periods of lower glucose levels: hypoglycemia.;iii. Glucose Levelc. Biological Correlates of IntelligenceEmotions5. Overview of Emotioni. Why we experience emotion1. Cognitive explanationsa. Physiological explanationb. The Role of the Nervous System in Emotionsi. The Brainii. The Amygdalaiii. The Prefrontal Cortexiv. The Sympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous Systemc. The Role of Sociocultural Factors in Emotionsi. Similarity in Emotions Across Culturesii. Differences in the Display of Emotions Across Culturesiii. Gender and Emotionsd. Individual Differences and Emotionsi. Differences in Emotionalitye. The role of Interpretationsf. The role of Physiological Arousalg. Cultural Differences in Responsivity and Emotionsi. Differences in Ability to Recognize Emotionsh. Passionate Lovei. Components and Types of Loveii. Passion due to mistakes about arousaliii. Passion due to classical conditioning of arousali. Stressi. Stress and Stressorsii. The steps that lead to stress and defenseiii. Defense Mechanisms1. Denial (redefinition)2. Displacement3. Suppression (distraction)4. Repressionj. Other factors in the control of stressi. Social support, counseling, and psychotherapy1. Writing about stress2. Aerobic exercise3. Meditation and Biofeedbackk. Influence of genetics on stressorsi. Psychological Factors in Physical Healthl. The influence of Behavior and Stress on Physical healthi. Mind-body dualismii. Psychosomatic disordersm. Cardiovascular Disordersi. Stressii. Type A Behavioriii. Hostilityiv. The Processv. Treatmentsn. High Blood Pressurei. Personality
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