Personality Development Freud believed the core of personality was developed before age 6 throughout a series of Psychosexual stages The id s pleasure seeking energies focus on erogenous zones pleasure centers need to resolve conflicts at each stage excessive gratification or frustration fixation unresolved conflict influences adult personality Stage ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL Approx Age 0 18 months 18 36 months 3 6 years 6 to puberty Erotic Focus Key Issues Mouth sucking biting chewing Weaning Anus expelling retaining feces Toilet Training Genitals Oedipus Electra complex None repression Social contacts Puberty onward Genitals sex Relationships reproduction Oral Character cid 127 Oral Dependent Childish gullible Needs lots of attention cid 127 Oral Agressive Likes to drink eat cook smoke Likes to argue use sarcasm Anal Character Anal Retentive cid 127 Obstinate and stingy cid 127 Orderly and excessively clean Anal Expulsive Disorderly and messy Destructive and cruel Phallic Character Self interested vain and narcissistic Exhibitionistic Prideful Freud s Lasting Contributions Unconscious mental life exists Contemporary psychodynamic theorists no longer write about ids and egos but they do embrace the following of Freud s contributions cid 127 Mental processes can occur in a parallel way making it possible to feel conflict and desire to resolve it Stable personality patterns start to form in early childhood and people s early experiences play a significant role in personality development Assessing Unconscious Processes Remember psychoanalysis focuses on the role of the unconscious Projective tests Provide ambiguous stimuli tell about it designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics Rorschach inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test TAT TAT View ambiguous pictures cid 127 Make up a story about Projective Tests Criticism Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability consistency of results and validity predicting what it is supposed to cid 127 When evaluating the same patient even trained raters come up with different interpretations reliability Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathology validity The Modern Unconscious Mind cid 127 Modern research shows the existence of non conscious information processing This involves schemas that automatically control perceptions and interpretations the right hemisphere activity that enables the split brain patient s left hand to carry out an instruction the patient canot verbalize parallel processing during vision and thinking cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 implicit memories emotions that activate instantly without consciousness self concept and stereotypes that unconsciously influence us Trait Perspective Trait relatively stable enduring predisposition to behave feel act in a certain way Allport took focus from unconscious to conscious cid 127 Goal describe rather than explain cid 127 Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism OCEAN The Big Five Neuroticism Emotional stability vs instability Anxious hostile self conscious insecure vulnerable calm vs anxious secure vs insecure Extraversion cid 127 Outgoing sociable upbeat friendly assertive reserved vs sociable low on extraversion introversion cid 127 Openness to experience Curious flexible imaginative artistic sensitivity unconventional attitudes conventional vs creative Agreeableness Sympathetic trusting cooperative modest ruthless vs soft hearted suspicious vs trusting Conscientiousness Diligent disciplined well organized punctual dependable impulsive vs disciplined Research Stable Heritable 50 Universal Extraversion and falling in love at first sight positive Neuroticism and ever protesting an injustice negative cid 127 Openness and ever smoked marijuana positive Agreeableness and forgetting a lover s name negative Conscientiousness and getting drunk just for the sake of it negative Social Cognitive Perspective Behavior interaction between people s traits and social contexts Reciprocal Determinism interacting influence of behavior cognition and environment cid 127 We choose our environments Personality shapes our interpretation and reaction to events Humanistic Perspective Humanism C Rogers and A Maslow cid 127 Optimistic view of human nature unique qualities stressing freedom and potential for personal growth cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127
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