KU PSYC 104 - Personality Development
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Personality Development:• Freud believed the core of personality was developed before age 6 throughout a series of Psychosexual stages:• The id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on "erogenous zones" (pleasure centers)• need to resolve conflicts at each stage• excessive gratification or frustration -> fixation (unresolved conflict); influences adult personalityStage Approx Age Erotic Focus Key IssuesORAL 0-18 months Mouth (sucking, biting, chewing) WeaningANAL 18-36 months Anus (expelling/retaining feces) Toilet TrainingPHALLIC 3-6 years Genitals Oedipus/Electra complexLATENCY 6 to puberty None (repression) Social contactsGENITAL Puberty onward Genitals (sex) Relationships, reproductionOral Character:• Oral-Dependent:• Childish, gullible• Needs lots of attention• Oral-Agressive:• Likes to drink, eat, cook, smoke• Likes to argue, use sarcasmAnal Character:• Anal-Retentive• Obstinate and stingy• Orderly and excessively clean• Anal-Expulsive• Disorderly and messy• Destructive and cruelPhallic Character:• Self-interested, vain, and narcissistic• Exhibitionistic• PridefulFreud's Lasting Contributions• Contemporary psychodynamic theorists no longer write about ids and egos, but they do embrace the following of Freud's contributions:• Unconscious mental life exists• Mental processes can occur in a parallel way, making it possible to feel "conflict" and desire to resolve it• Stable personality patterns start to form in early childhood, and people's early experiences play a significant role in personality developmentAssessing Unconscious Processes:• Remember psychoanalysis focuses on the role of the unconscious• Projective tests• Provide ambiguous stimuli -> tell about it• designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics• Rorschach inkblot test• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)TAT:• View ambiguous pictures• Make up a story aboutProjective Tests: Criticism:• Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to)• When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability)• Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathology (validity)The Modern Unconscious Mind:• Modern research shows the existence of non-conscious information processing. This involves:• schemas that automatically control perceptions and interpretations• the right-hemisphere activity that enables the split-brain patient's left hand to carry out an instruction the patient canot verbalize• parallel processing during vision and thinking• implicit memories• emotions that activate instantly without consciousness• self-concept and stereotypes that unconsciously influence usTrait Perspective• Trait: • relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave/feel/act in a certain way• Allport took focus from unconscious to conscious• Goal: describe rather than explain• Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN)The Big Five:• Neuroticism• Emotional stability vs instability• Anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable• calm vs. anxious; secure vs. insecure• Extraversion• Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive• reserved vs. sociable• low on extraversion = introversion• Openness (to experience)• Curious, flexible, imaginative, artistic sensitivity, unconventional attitudes• conventional vs. creative• Agreeableness• Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest• ruthless vs. soft-hearted, suspicious vs. trusting• Conscientiousness• Diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, dependable• impulsive vs. disciplined• Research:• Stable• Heritable (~50%)• Universal• Extraversion and falling in love at first sight- positive• Neuroticism and ever protesting an injustice- negative• Openness and ever smoked marijuana- positive• Agreeableness and forgetting a lover's name- negative• Conscientiousness and getting drunk just for the sake of it- negativeSocial-Cognitive Perspective:• Behavior = interaction between people's traits and social contexts• Reciprocal Determinism- interacting influence of behavior, cognition, and environment• We choose our environments• Personality shapes our interpretation and reaction to eventsHumanistic Perspective:• Humanism (C. Rogers and A. Maslow)• Optimistic view of human nature (unique qualities), stressing freedom and potential for personal


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KU PSYC 104 - Personality Development

Course: Psyc 104-
Pages: 2
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