Stress:The steps that lead to stress and defense1) awareness and appraisal of a stressor2) attempt to cope3) if coping is effective, process stops if not you respond to stress with a cognitive component or a physiological component.4) possible use of defense mechanism5) If defense is effective, stress is reduced but the stressor remains and may cause a problem later.Defense mechanisms-DenialDisplacement- don’t respond to the source of the stress, you displace onto someone elseSuppression- distraction, watch tv instead of thinking about the stressRepression- doesn’t occurOther factors in the control of stress-Social support, counseling, psychotherapyWriting about stressAerobic exercise ( important component in coping)Meditation and biofeedback- ( no different than resting) biofeedback is an electronic form of feedback. Wear a device that measures heart rate and try to reduce your heart rate.Neil Miller- famous for seeing if animals could control physiological responses by putting electrodes on rat ears that measured temperature and stimulated pleasure system. If heat increase was increased, the pleasure center was stimulated.Influence of genetics on stressors- Some people are genetically programmed to be more responsive to stress than others. The gene responsible for that has yet to be found though.Stress, your brain, and your behavior.Physical health:Important = function of behaviorsMind and body work very closely together.Stress results in increased physical arousal which contributes to a variety of illnesses.Cardiovascular- heart attacks and strokeHigh production of cholesterol = more chance of heart attackHeart attack: due to progressive increase in cholesterol in artery. It clogs it and blood cant flow easily. IF the artery is connected to heart, the muscle will start to die because it cant get blood and oxygen.Cholesterol is not all bad we NEED some of it. It nourishes and protects various cells.When you become stressed, you produce more cholesterol.Too high of levels can also cause a stroke by clogging arteries connected to the brain which cuts off oxygen.Type A personality is characterized by hostility, competitiveness, and time urgency. Easy for them to get stressed and have high levels of cholesterol.Cholesterol is produced when body is stressed as a means of protection. Your body assumes its going to be harmed when it really isn’t.When the heart rate slows down after stress dies down, the cholesterol isn’t moving so fast and attaches to the other cholesterol and sticks inside artery walls.Can be treated by:Bypass surgeryAngioplastyPersonality change from A to B is extremely rareBlood Pressure: Systolic (high) and Diastolic ( low) 120/80 = very good or averageIF the pressure is too high the capillaries will burst which will kill neurons and make parts of the brain die.Implication for strokesCause for development of stretch marks because the arteries stretch when the pressure is high.When guys do power lifts they lose neurons because of the stress.Suffering from hypertension if you’re at 140/90 you NEED to change lifestyle if its that high and take medication even though it can make you kind of spacey.Suppression of emotions leads to high Blood pressure. They NEED to get their feelings and concerns out.Good example is black people facing discrimination.Cortisol: substance that leads to more energy and strength. Cortisol can damage the hippocampus if there is too much in a short time. This is why high stress moments can sometimes not be remembered too well. Stress release cholesterol and cortisol.Personality (not in book)Mask that the Greeks wear is called persona which is where the word personality come fromPersonality is a distinctive pattern that is reality consistent through a variety of situations.You have a constant personality but you behave differently in different situationsThere is no rule on much personality depends on a situation.Demands of situation can influence itIs personality consistent over time? – yes and no. Level of self confidence changes frequently.Younger people have way more confidence typically than older people.Personality characteristic of neuroticism and adjustment is very consistent over timeFreud- tremendous influence on our thinking of personality.Freud was always mentioned at one of the top ten influential people in past 100 years. Sometimes he was even placed higher than Einstein.A lot of things Freud thought were absolutely wrong though.Freud was born in eastern Europe to a poor family. Jewish.Got on a train and moved to Vienna, Austria after family went broke.Freud was named as the most important kid out of all of the kidsAll of the family resources were poured into his education.Freud had his own bedroom out of a two bedroom apartment for his whole family.His mother called him “her golden child”Freud originally wanted to go into politics or the military but went to medical school insteadWasn’t interested even though he was really good at itFirst clinical internship was at an eye placeLearned about a good drug there for amnestic for eye surgery.Shot it into his veins and discovered cocaine.One of the first coke users and bought tons of it and sent it to everyoneStarted a practice that didn’t go very wellJoseph Brewer discovered him and thought Freud was really smart and started referring patients to himAnna O (Bertha) was a patient who had difficulty with language and spaced out, a lot of physical problems.Brewer didn’t have any success treating her. Brewer recognized the symptoms he couldn’t treat with medicine were related to her early childhood experiences.Brewer and Freud wrote a book about how early childhood affects personality.Hysterical symptoms – couldn’t be treated with medicine.Their book said Ana O was all cured but she wasn’t. She got worse and spent the rest of her life in asylums.Bertha did function well when she wasn’t hospitalized.Theory: talk to patients and find out what happened in their early childhood and clear it up and they will be cure. (psychoanalysis).Castration anxiety: Therapist would infer that a man talking about being cut off driving a lot would have castration anxiety.Developmental theory:Series of physco-sexual stages1) Oral stage: ingestion and perception. Babies put everything in their mouthFeeding schedule is important to FreudChild learns about the hostility of the environment, have to cry and scream to get the bottle of food. World is a mean and hostile stage2) Anal
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