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Learning:• Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience• Based on behaviorism• John WatsonRadical Behaviorism:• Everything you do is based on your history of transactions with the environment• What you do s based on rewards and punishments in the environment• Who you are is based on your personal history of rewards and punishments• "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him tobecome any type of specialist I might select… regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." -1930, John B.WatsonTypes of Learning:• Associative• Classical Conditioning (Pavlov and Watson)• Ivan Pavlov and his dogs• Studying the physiology of digestion• Learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events• Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- natural trigger, ex. meat• Unconditioned Response (UR)- natural response, ex. salivate• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- ex. bell• Conditioned Response (CR)- ex. saliva after bell• Both responses are the same, only the stimulus changes• John Watson and Rayner• Founder of Behaviorism• Little Albert Experiment• Generalization• Stimuli similar to the CS elicit similar response• Albert learns fear to other furry things )e.g., bunny, fur coats, etc.)• Agoraphobia- don't leave the home, associated with panic attacks• Discrimination• Distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal the response• Albert doesn't show fear to everything (e.g., not afraid of toys)• Operant Conditioning (Skinner)• Active process• Organism operates on environment and learns from consequences• Consequences determine whether a behavior will be repeated• Reinforcement • Anything that increases the probability of the behavior recurring in the same situation• Reinforcement ≠ Reward• Positive Reinforcement• A pleasant consequence following a behavior• ex. candy for working hard, good score on quiz for studying, smile from the right person• Negative Reinforcement• The removal of a negative stimulus following a behavior• ex. aspirin for headaches, feeling happier when dumping mean "friends", don't have to do dishes if you get a good grade• Punishment• An aversive consequence of a behavior, that typically reduces the probability of a behavior recurring• Positive Punishment• ex. community service for DWI• Negative Punishment• ex. suspend license for DWI• A note about punishment:• Punishment tells you what not to do; reinforcement tells you what to do• Skinner and other researchers have noted that reinforcement is the preferred way to change behavior• Notice good behavior and reward it!• Schedules of Reinforcement• Continuous- receive reinforcement every time the behavior/response occurs• Intermittent- behavior/response sometimes receive reinforcement• Observational Learning• Modeling • Albert Bandura• Bandura's Bobo Doll Study• Adults come in and acted behavior with doll, positive and negative• Kids copied• Gender affected modeling (girl watching woman copied more than girl watching man)• Implications: Media Violence and Agression• Correlation between media violence and aggressive behavior• +.31 regardless of


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KU PSYC 104 - Lecture notes

Course: Psyc 104-
Pages: 2
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