Hypnosis(mesmerism)degree by which an individual can be hypnotized depends on their belief of hypnotism and their susceptibility to suggestionproblems:memory – believed that if you hypnotize an individual you can bring back memories doesn’t really happen, no proof that recall is better under hypnosis can be suddenly driven to give responses and provoke responses, giving the suggestion will make the person believe they remember it because they feel like they are supposed to.Strength enhancement – suggest to a person that they are stronger strength test where you plank between 2 chairs, is a trickNo evidence to affirm the effects of hypnosisWidely used for a treatment of smoking and it works but it is not more effective than other psychological approachesPainMeditation – some research has shown that is does not take you to another state of consciousnessPsychoactive drugsDrugs that influence mood, consciousness and or level of arousalFactors that influence the effects of drugs:Dose-dependent effectsInteraction effects taking multiple things togetherTolerance and cross – toleranceWithdrawal and dependenceoccurs when drug your taking leaves your system and your body responds to that loss (hangover is a minor form of withdrawal)Individual differencesTypes of psychoactive drugs and their effectsDepressants (alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines [valium])Reduce arousal in the brainDose-dependent effects of alcoholEffects on baseline arousalStimulants (caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine)Increase arousal in the brain (gives you a “lift” or a “high”)Effects are due to increased levels of neurotransmittersEffects at different levels (“Lifts,” “twitchy,” “disrupt functioning” [amphetamine psychoses])Paradoxical effect of nicotineNarcotics (Opiates) (opium, morphine, codeine, heroin)Drugs are derived from opium (sap of the poppy plant)Dull sensory and emotional experiencesEffects are due to reduced activity in the medullaOpium dens; feelings detached and unmoved by what is going onHallucinogens (LSD, mescaline, cannabis [e.g. marijuana and hashish])Distort sensory experiences (i.e. hallucinations)Creativity?Process differs; mimic neurotransmittersProblems: Flashbacks, pot and schizopherniaTypes of LearningConditioningClassical conditioningOperant conditioningCognitive learningLatentPlaceInsightObservationalClassical Conditioning – can condition responses to things (dog salivating when ringing of bell) stimulus and responseConditioning of emotionsNegative emotionsPositive emotions condition a sexual response to something neutralConditioning of other responses development of phobiasGeneralization and discriminationHigher order conditioningtake a conditions response and pair the response with another condition ex: snake and red lightpost tramatic stress disorder – a very powerful response, stimulus comes along that connect to something horrible that happened in warfixed by being repeatedly exposed to the response without giving the time person to respondExtinction and spontaneous recoveryPeriod of time goes by w/ extinction but random set off of phobia brings you back and you have to go through recovery againDifferences in the conditionability of stimuliSome stimuli are easier to condition than othersInvoluntary nature of responsesOperant ConditioningReward, Reinforcement and punishmentWill continue doing things in which you get rewarded for and stop doing things in which you are punished forCompliments cause people to continue to do the same thing popular conditionTeach someone to do something through punishmentPrimary and secondary reinforcersPrimary reward ex: food, body contact, smilingAvoidance and escape conditioningShapingSeries of trials shape behaviors slowly (progression)Generalization and discriminationExtinctionWanting a behavior to stop you stop rewarding the behaviorSchedule of reinforcementVoluntary nature of responsesCognitive LearningLatent LearningLearning without being aware of itGet customs to situations ex: getting around Lawrence and now know shortcutsPlace LearningInsight“aha” momentstruggle with something and finally figure it outcognitively solve the problemObservational Learning watching other peoples reactions to things developing a fear or how to react through observationOperant BehaviorsEmotional (Physiological) BehaviorsLanguage and Language AcquisitionFrom Sound to MeaningPhonemes: Basic SoundsBasic sounds we use to make up wordsLose many at time of 6 months of ageIf you don’t learn phonemes young you will not be able to talk or readMorphemes: Units of MeaningThe smallest units of language that have meaningSyntax: Making and Understanding SentencesAbility of you to understand what is being said in a group of words interpret sentencesLanguage AcquisitionLanguage Acquisition in HumansAfter puberty it is much harder for people to pick up other languagesLanguage Acquisition in ChimpanzeesTreat baby chimp exactly as child raising them together to see if chimp could be raised to act like child disaster chimps don’t have the vocal structures necessary to say all wordsUsing Sign Language and Smarter ChimpsMay not be able to use words verbally but chimps are very good with hands and could also talk through computersHave a limited ability to master language so don’t have a good sense of grammar have short attention spanProblem organizing words to make sentencesWhat Did the Chimps Learn?Expansions for Language AcquisitionLearning (skinnier)Innate Neural Mechanisms (Chomsky)RepressionLaboratory researchClinical reportsMilitary combat most common example forgot horrible experiences better explanation is a concussionFollow – up of trauma victims remember everything but no one asks about incident so say it is “repressed” but it is in their mind and in their conciousnessPsychotherapy Long term memoryMust have a lot of activity along synapse to get connection madeNMDA – released by presynaptic neuronTakes place in hippocampus (processes memory)Under stress learn less well because under stress body releases opiates which go into receptor sights and clog up the receptor sightsForgettingLevels of serotonin drop as you get older high levels lead to good memory and learningAdrenaline contributes to learning particularly to learning of emotional memories stronger effect on negative memories than stronger bc most memories are processed in the amygdala which
View Full Document
Unlocking...