Overview of Symptoms, Causes and TreatmentsAnxiety DisordersSchizophreniaObsessive Compulsive DisorderOverviewSomatoform DisordersDissociative DisordersMood DisordersPsychology 104 Abnormal BehaviorsOverview of Symptoms, Causes and TreatmentsI. What is Abnormal?A. Distress, Disability, and Deviance1. Distress: personal strain or difficulty; one of the factors that can lead to a behavior or emotion being defined as normal2. An impairment in the ability to function; one of the factors that can lead to a behavior or emotion being defined as abnormal3. Behaviors that depart from a cultural norm; one of the factors B. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)1. Contains hundreds of different diagnoses and the specific symptoms2. Only talk about the symptoms, not talk about the causes or treatment3. What is listed in DSM is abnormal and what is not listed in DSM is not abnormalII. Historical Background (Then and Now)A. Supernatural Explanations (The devil and the cure is exorcism) 1. Considered a witch, hold the person under water, if she died she wasn’t a witch, if she was alive, she was killed because she was a witch 2. Jesus caused an evil behavior to be transferred out of a man and into swineB. Physiological Explanations (Hippocrates and humors)1. Imbalance of humors2. Too much black humor-depression Too much yellow humor- wishy-washy3 Transfer humors to neurotransmitters- Hippocrates was right C. Humane Care (The Bethlehem Hospital, Philipp Pinal and Dorothea Dix) 1. Mental patients have not been treated very well 2. People were tortured, burned, starved, drowned3. Bethlehem Hospital- herded people into common area, people could stand and watch them 4. Philipp Pinel cared for patients bettera. took them out to the woods, and unchained them5. Dorothea Dixa. Appalled by the conditions of the patientsb. Went on a campaign to create mental hospitals c. Having to close down many hospitals and patients are released unhealthy and untreatedD. Psychological Explanations (Freud)III. Modern ExplanationsA. The Psychodynamic Explanation and Psychotherapy B. Learning Explanations and Behavior Theory 1. Token System- tokens given to the patients who do the right things 2. Not treated, just learned to not talk about their disorders (modified behavior)C. Cognitive Explanation and Cognitive BehaviorD. The Physiological Explanation and Drugs IV. Disorders as Packages –Symptoms, Causes and TreatmentsA. Different disorders have different causesB. The same disorder can have different causesC. Different treatments must be used to treat different causesD. Physiology provides the final pathway to symptoms 1. Thoughts about you are in the brain 2. What is causing the physiological problems? Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders: a group of disorders (phobias panic) in which the major symptom is anxiety I. Phobia- irrational fears of a particular stimulus or situation A. Agoraphobia 1. A fear of being in a public place from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing if the individual suddenly became anxious B. Social Phobia1. An irrational fear of being criticized by others C. Specific Phobias1. All irrational fears other than agoraphobia and social phobia 2. Fear of animals, bugs, small spaces, heights, storms, blood and others II. Generalized Anxiety DisorderA. Constantly anxious B. Lives in a cloud of anxiousC. Hard to talk to people, prone to health risksD. No particular stimulusE. Explanation: Physiology, low levels of neurotransmitters that cause activity in the inhibitors of the brain. Those areas don’t get inhibited – areas are called Gallop 1. taking an anti-depressant will also work2. SerotoninF. Cognitive would just say this person has the wrong beliefs of what is out in the environment III. Panic DisorderA. Panic Attack1. Feel like you are going to die, chests hurts, heart beats fast, head gets hot2. Misdiagnosed panic attacks as heart attacks for many years IV. Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder Dampening physiological arousal- alcohol The case of the lady who drank two martinis before she got on the planeSchizophreniaA. Cannot be reversed, or treated B. Incidence 1. 10, 12 who will suffer out of this class of 1000 people 2. Happens to 1-3% of the populationC. Symptoms1. Hallucinations- a. things you see or hear that have no basis in reality b. Sees people stand at the end of her bed and talk to her c. Sees blood running down people’s face in public placesd. ticker tape on forehead2. Delusions a. a belief that is not trueb. think the police are out to get you 3. Cognitive Floodinga. Overwhelming sounds b. don’t have to capacity to drown out other sounds around you1. Upset, distracted, bothered4. Disturbed thought processa. thought process is construedb. Patient says things that don’t make any sense at all 5. Lack things that everyone else hasa. empty, depressed, no humor6. Negative and Positive Systemsa. The difference is going to depend on the cause of the disorder b. Negative1. Deterioration on cortex2. Not fixable 3. Blank look, empty feeling c. Positive1. Problems with prefrontal cortex2. Treated with medication 3. Hallucination, delusions 4. Excessive levels of dopamine from brain stem results in excessive levels of activity in frontal lobe and over nerve tracts, disruptions in thought process7. Watched two videos on peoplea. Betty: extremely smart, developed symptoms in sophomore year of college 1. Tried a lot of the new medications that were coming out2. tried a new drug and it was so effective there was a news story on her3. Drug was too expensive; Betty went to court and sued the government for not funding her drug 8. Subtypes of Schizophrenia and Their Symptoms (Said to ignore)a. Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Residual, Undifferentiated b. Set up years ago, in text books but don’t worried about them9. Causes of Schizophreniaa. Geneticsb. Biological traumas1. Mother has flu in second semester, kids likelihood of schizophrenia goes upc. Birth Trauma (Usually negative symptoms) 1. Deprived of oxygen2. Forceps used to pull child out (clamped on skull)d. Stress causes Schizophrenia e. Gender1. Men more likely to suffer from negative symptoms2. Women more likely to suffer from positive symptoms f. Shrinking the size of the brain 1. Burned out schizophrenics10. Treatmentsa. neuroleptic drugs1. Block receptor sites for dopamine 2. Problem is dopamine is needed for other things in the brain 3. Treat the agitation b. Symptoms of Thorizene drug
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