Chapter 1 Classical ConditioningChapter 2 Operant ConditioningChapter 3 Cognitive LearningPsych 104 Conditioning and LearningChapter 1 Classical Conditioning Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to experience Conditioning: Learning that is controlled by environmental factors (being praised) Cognitive: Learning that is independent of the environment (develop insight) Controlled by rewards and punishment; or by what you think?-Classical Conditioning: Type of conditioning in which a stimulus that does not elicit a response isconsistently paired with a stimulus that can elicit a response-Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist who accidently discovered classical conditioning -Pavlov’s dog experiment (treat and saliva)-If stimulus such as a bell that does not initially elicit salivation is consistently paired with meat powder that does elicit salvation, after a series of pairings the bell will elicit the salvation. 1) Unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that is originally able to elicit the response (Meat powder)2) Unconditioned response: response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (Salvation)3) Conditioned response: response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus (Salvation)4) Conditioned stimulus: stimulus that does not originally elicit the response but which through conditioning becomes able to elicit the response (Bell)Conditioning of EmotionsClassical conditioning is the process by which we develop many of our emotional responsesNegative Emotions -John B. Watson: young psychologist argued that fears were learned --To demonstrate John and Rosalie Rayner, did a study called “little Albert”--This study is a way to explain phobias: irrational fears Positive Emotions -sexual fetishism: gains sexual arousal or gratification from a nonhuman object (a fetish) -Words being paired with stress –shoes being paired with pictures of women Conditioning of other Responses -The case of the Nauseated Student-Physiological responses can become classically conditioned -plays a role in craving drugs Generalization and Discrimination -once a response has been conditioned, the response can be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus-the degree to which generalization occurs is a function of the similarity between the conditioned stimulus and the new stimulus-Discrimination: individuals learn which stimulus is associated with an unconditioned response and which stimulus are not-Discrimination places a limit on generalizationHigh Order Conditioning -Once a conditioned response has been linked, possible to pair the conditioned stimulus with another stimulusHigher order conditioning: process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus takes on the ability to elicit the conditioned response. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery -Conditioned responses can be eliminated if the conditioned stimulus is consistently presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. -Phobias last long because individuals avoid the stimuli, and therefor never get over it.-Spontaneous recovery: a classically conditioned response that has been extinguished will reoccur again when the conditioned response is presented some time later-Don’t confuse extinction with forgetting Involuntary Nature of Responses-Not under voluntary control-Classically conditioned responses are automaticRapid Review -Classically conditioned involves the pairing of an initially neutral stimulus-Process of classical conditioning provides the basis for the development of physiological responses-Individuals can learn which stimuli they should respond to and which they should not respond to, called discrimination Chapter 2 Operant Conditioning -Edward L. Thorndike: psychologist who identified the law of effect--attempting to measure the intelligence of animals--found if a response was followed by a reward, that response was more likely to be used again in the future-Law of Effect: A response that is followed by a reward is more likely to be repeated in the future. –Rewards had the effect of increasing the use of the responses -Operant Conditioning: Rewards are used to increase behaviors and punishments are used to decrease behaviors –Individual must act or operate with the environment-B.F. Skinner: popularized the idea of Thorndike--Skinner box: small chamber that contained a lever that could be pushed that would cause a response –pecking or pushing a lever would result in a reward such as food-Teach hospital patients to be more normal by rewarding them when they are -Token economy: an environment, usually a psychiatric ward, when individuals behave well, they are given tokens that can later be exchanged for rewards (reinforcements)-Behavior did not cause the reward is just co-occurred (wearing a lucky shirt for exams)Reward, Reinforcement and Punishment -Behaviorist: Psychologist who believe that is studying behavior we should limit our attention to observable events, such as behaviors an d their consequences, rather than thinking-Many psychologists use the term reinforcement to refer to what is given to an individual after a response to increase the likelihood that the response will be used again -Positive Reinforcement: something which increases the likelihood that a response will be used again.-Negative Reinforcements: Something which when it is terminated increases the likelihood that a response will be used again -In short, positive reinforcement occurs when something positive is added to increase a response. Negative is subtracted to increase a response. -Punished behaviors are only suppressed-It is better to reinforce desired behaviors than to punish undesirable behaviors -Wide individual differences in what is reinforcing and what is punishing Primary and Secondary Reinforcers -Mentioned thus far, directly reduce some primary need (hunger or thirst) -Primary reinforcers: something which when it follows a response increases the likelihood that the response will be used again -Secondary reinforcers: do not directly satisfy primary needs but which also serve as reinforcers -Secondary reinforcers are things individuals wantAvoidance and Escape Conditioning -Punishment can be used to suppress behaviors, but punishment can also be used to increase behaviors -Avoidance conditioning: Learning of an operant response to avoid receiving a punishment -Escape conditioning: Learning of an operant response to escape from a
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