Review for Exam #1-Exam will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions (each worth 1.5 points)-There are 4 short answer questions (totaling 25 points)-Entire exam is worth 100 points-There will be a few extra credit questions at the endResearch Methods & Design1. Clear understanding of what constitute a theory and a hypothesis- Theory: o Falsifiable o Simple (parsimonious)o Generate ideas for future research - Hypothesis: o It must be testable o Specific2. Operational Definitions (be able to provide specific examples with specific parameters and not just ones that use the “cop out” method: “on a scale from 1-10….”)- Precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into measured variable & very specific o More specific means less danger for misunderstanding o More specific means future replication - Conceptual variables must be QUANTIFIABLE 3. Distinguishing features of correlational research versus experimental research- CORRELATION = RELATIONSHIP (does not equal causation)o To assess the relationships between and among two or more variables o Useful; They suggest the possibility of causality but we CANNOT infer ito ISSUES: Directionally; cannot be used to draw inferences Third Variable (is C accounting for the relationship between A and B)- EXPERIMENTAL o Manipulation of factors of interest; to assess the casual impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable o While controlling for other factors; then groups compared to determine influence of manipulationo Random assignment: participants have an equal chance of being in the experimental group or control group **NECESSARYo Control Group: the group whose Independent variable is not manipulated; they may get a placebo **NECESSARYo Experiments are “golden standard” for research but sometimes aren’t ethical - VALIDITY:o Internal Validity Confounding Variables Experimenter Bias Double-blind study: Neither participant nor the primary investigator knows what condition the participant is randomized too External Validity Generalizability o Placebo Effect: Belief that an inactive treatment or pseudo-manipulated Independent Variable has had an effect4. Identify Independent/Dependent Variables and what they mean- Independent Variables: the variable that is manipulated or changed- Dependent Variables: the variable that is measured (or that is dependent on the manipulation of the I.V.)5. Pearson’s r (what does it mean and what can it tell us)- STATISTIC representation of the strength of a linear relationship among variables (correlation)falls between -1 and +1o The closer to -1 or +1, the STRONGER the relationshipo The closer to 0, the WEAKER the relationship o Positive relationships mean that the direction of the two variables is the same (they increase together or decrease together)o Negative relationships mean that there is an INVERSE relationship between two variables (one increases, the other decreases, vice versa)Brain & Behavior6. Identify basic structures and respective functions of neuron1. Cell Body: Basic functions (nutrition); keeps the neuron alive 2. Dendrites: Extensions from cell body that receive into from other cells; “tree-like”3. Axon: long extensions; pathway info travels on away from soma and toward the next cell, tissue, or gland a. Can be short (one brain are to another), or very long (single axon can travel from spine to foot)b. Action Potential: Electrical signals being sent down the axon4. Myelin Sheath: Many (but not all) axons are covered in this fatty insulation that helps speedup communication 5. Terminal Buttons: The end of the axon that connects with the dendrite of a subsequent neurona. Electrical signal carried down the axon causes chemical messengers to be released from the terminal buttons; chemical messengers (Neurotransmitters)7. Basic structures of brainstem, limbic system & cerebral cortex and respective functions- THE BRAINSTEM (most primitive): adaptive characteristics, responsive control over autonomic functions, responsive orientation toward movement and sound, escape from immediate threatso Medulla: controls heart rate and breathing o Pons: coordinates movement o Cerebellum: helps control voluntary movement o Thalamus: relaying sensory and motor signs to brain, consciousnesso Reticular Formation: controls arousal o Superior Colliculi: primitive visual o Inferior Colliculi: primitive auditory - THE LIMBIC SYSTEM:o Amygdala: aggression and fearo Hypothalamus: bodily maintenance – fight, flight, feed, and sexual functioningo Hippocampus: memoryo Anterior Cingulate: error/threat detection - CEREBRAL CORTEX (most evolved):o Parietal Lobes: receives sensory information and helps us know where our bodies are in space o Temporal Lobes: receives auditory informationo Occipital Lobes: receives visual informationo Motor Cortex: controls voluntary movementso Sensory Cortex: processes body touch and movement sensations 8. Basic understanding of specialized structures and respective functions in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, & endocrine systemNERVOUS SYSTEM:1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Controls all of the body’s major functions1. Brain: thinking, reasoning, and emotions. ALSO all senses; necessary life functions (breathing, heart rate, temp. regulation)2. Spinal Cord: long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves & supporting cells that extends down from brain2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: Controls external actions (muscles)a. Sensory nerves: carry info from senses (eyes, ears, taste, touch, nose) to brainb. Motor nerves: carry info from the brain to muscles & glands2. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: Controls internal actions (organs & glands); **involuntary a. Sympathetic (support physical activity): fight or flightb. Parasympathetic (conserve body energy): calming; return to homeostasis3. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Secretes hormones from different glands in body, influence emotions & behavior, hormones (chemical messengers, slow-er acting, widespread effect)1. Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems work by communicating with endocrine 2. Hormones: - Estrogen - Testosterone - Adrenaline - Cortisol - Oxytocin- Thyroid- Melatonin Learning9. Clear understanding of classical conditioning paradigm (Pavalov) - Linking two or more stimuli to anticipate eventso Unconditioned: Unlearned o Conditioned: Learned - Pair neutral stimuli with stimuli that naturally
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