Memory:• An ability to store and retrieve information• External Events• Sensory Memory• Attention/encoding• Working (short-term) Memory• Encoding• Retrieval• Long-term Memory• 3 Key Functions• Encoding• Getting info in• Two Ways• Automatic: space, time, frequency, well-learned info• Effortful: rehearsal• Spacing effect: • Better to learn over time that to cram• Overlearn- study even after it is learned for best results• "massed practive" =cramming = bad• Serial position effect• Order matters• Recency effect- Immediately after learning, we remember the last items best• Primary effect- After a delay, we remember the first items the best• Levels of Processing• Memory is constructed not recorded• Levels:• Visual• Organization.Chunking• Semantic• Coding for meaning • Most effective (finding meaning)• Menmonics (think ROYGBV)• people can remember 7 +/- 2• Storage• Sensory Memory:• Immediate, very brief recording of sensory info:• Pictures/visual (iconic)- half second• Sounds (echoic)- 3-4 seconds• Working/Short-term (ST) Memory• Stores small amounts of info for short time:• up to 20 seconds (unless rehearsed)• chunking• Long-term Memory• Limitless storage• organized• automatic processing: space, time (sequence), frequency• effortful processing: meaning• episodic, semantic, procedural• Procedural Knowledge (how to dial a telephone number, how to drive a car, how to build a boat, etc.)• Declarative knowledge is "knowing that"• Procedural knowledge is "knowledge how"• Retrieval• Why do we forget?• Motivated forgetting• We actively seek to suppress memories• Evidence: Happy memories last longer than unhappy memories• Memories from the past tend to be more positive than the experience itself was• Decay• Lack of Rehearsal: We don't keep information available and fresh in our minds• We tend to rehearse happy but not happy memories• Sometimes we "forget" because we never really knew the answer in the first place• Ex: US PennyEyewitness Testimony:• Elizabeth Loftus- Psychologist that studied eyewitness• Participants watch a slideshow of a car accident• One had a yield sign and another with no sign• Asked them "did another car pass while the red car was at the stop sign" or "did another car pass the red car"• In the Control Condition, under 20% said "Yes"• In Leading Question Condition, over 80% said "Yes"• Leading/Control question after viewing videotape of car crash• Control: How fast was the car going when it bumped into the other car?• Leading: How fast was the gar going when it smashed into the other car?• Was there broken glass?• Bumped- not as much and moderate speed• Smashed- yes and very fast• Eyewitness testimony is the most compelling evidence at trial• Eyewitness testimony is the least accurate evidence at trial• Eyewitness testimony is the most common evidence overturned by DNA
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