Language:• spoken, written, signed words that communicateLanguage Development:• By 4 months: discriminate between sounds• Predicts future language skills• Babbling Stage: (~4 months)• Spontaneously uttering various sounds• At 4 moths: could not tell the language• By 10 months: can tell the language• One Word Stage: (~1 years old)• Can recognize the meaning associated with words• Two-Word Stage: (~2 years old)• Mostly bounds and verbs (e.g., "want milk")• Once develop 2-word stage, rapidly progress to phrases and sentencesTheories of Language Development:• Behaviorist explanations (Nurture)• Children learn to talk through principles of operant conditioning• Nativist explanations (Nature)• Language is innate, biological• Chomsky-• Language Acquisition Device• Genie• Critical period for learning language (puberty, 7-10 years old)• Interactionist explanations (Nature and Nurture) • Infants are born with the ability to acquire language• BUT social interactions play a crucial role• Parents tailor verbal interaction with children in ways that simplify language acquisitionsThinking in Images• Artists, poets, mathematicians, athletes, and scientists are known for thinking in images• Mental practice:• Tennessee women's b-ball team• Foul shot percentage increased from 52% to 65% after mental practice• Mental Practice and Achievement Goals:• IV: • Imagine getting an A on exam• Imagine studying hard for exam• control (no mental practice)• DV: performance in exam• Imagine: study scored higherMeasurement of Intelligence:• Origin of the Species- Darwin• Survival of the fittest• What is the fittest?• Adaptability based less on morphological adaptations, and more on cognitive skills and ability to learn and be flexible• Francis Galton• Darwin's cousin• Created a "measure" of intelligence, tried to correlate it with head circumference• no correlation• French gov't seek to assign children to appropriate education• Worried about effects of class, speech, attractiveness• Hires Alfred Binet • Followed good measurement practice, used Known Groups technique• Asked teachers what separates out the good and bad students• Stanford-Binet• Louis Terman, of Stanford• Sets average IQ at 100• Standard deviation of 15 or 16• IQ= (mental age/chronological age) x 100• Some popular intelligence scales• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)• 11 subtests measuring:• Overall intelligence (like S-B)• Verbal comprehension• Perceptual organization• Working memory• Processing speed• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)Assessing Intelligence: Modern Forms• Achievement: reflect what you have learned• Aptitude: predict future
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