• A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal• Aron Ralston was motivated to cute his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him downFour Perspectives:• Instinct • William James• Believed that we are always motivated by instincts• Fixed, unlearned behaviors• Species typical• E.g., infants sucking reflex• Human Instincts (James, 1890)• attachment• fear • disgust• rivalry• greediness• suspicion• hunting• play• shame• anger• resentment• curiosity• shyness• affiliation• bashfulness• secretiveness• cleanliness• modesty• love • parental love• Name ≠ explanation• Drive and Incentive• Drives: Internal• Drive-reduction theory• "pushed' to reduce drives• homeostasis (steady, balanced internal state)• 'pulled' by incentives• stimulus that motivates behavior• motivated behavior ≠ arousal reduction• Optimum Arousal• Seek optimum level of arousal• too little stimulation: bored• too much stimulation: stress• Hierarchy of Motives• Abraham Maslow• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs• Basic Needs: • Physiological needs- need to satisfy hunger and thirst (85%)• Safety needs- need to feel that the world is organized and predictable (70%)• Psychological Needs:• Belongingness and love needs- need to love and be loved, acceptance (50%)• Esteem needs- need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence (40%)• Self-Fufillment Needs:• Self-actualization needs- need to live up to our fullest and unique potential (10%)• Self-transcendence needs- need to find meaning and identity beyond the self Hunger:• Is obesity a mental disorder?• Johnson and Kenny (2010)• Three groups of rats• Group 1: "chow only"- no change in pleasure, lowest weight• Group 2: "restricted access"• Group 3: "unrestricted access"- eating exponentially more pleasurable, highest weight, when punished they ate more• Habituation- term used to describe how we come to find foods boring• Causes of obesity?• Education• Single ingredient theory• Portion sizes• Habituation• Emotional connections• Processed foods• Lack of exercise•
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