Chapter 1 Human development Human development is the study of patterns of change and stability in human growth throughout the life Human development has the following characteristics o Systematic organized o Adaptive to internal and external conditions o Life span development life long process Domains of development Physical development Cognitive development Psychosocial development Periods of life span The life span periods are social constructions o Childhood o Adolescence o Adulthood when you are an adult Fight in a war Smoke cigs By alcohol Vote Get married Get your own health insurance What we will study Prenatal period conception to birth Infant and toddlerhood birth to 3 Early childhood 3 to 6 Middle childhood 6 11 Adolescence 11 to 20 Middle adulthood 40 to 65 Late adulthood 65 Emerging and young adulthood 20 to 40 Influences on development Heredity o DNA Chromosomes Genes Environment Maturation o Changes over time Context of development Family Socioeconomic status SES Contexts Environments Philosophies institutions Gender roles Culture o Ethnicity o Language o Religion o Geographic location Influences on Development o Parents siblings schools neighborhoods communities Normative o Normative age graded influences o Normative history graded influences Nonnormative influences o Affects the individual like a unique circumstance o Disease disability trauma CHAPTER 2 Theoretical perspectives on human development Psychoanalytic o Sigmund Freud o Unconscious forces that motivate human behavior Sex life Aggression death o Parts of personality Id Pleasure principle instant gratification Ego reality principle balances Superego morality principle conscience o Psychosexual stages o Oral may grow up to become nail biters birth to 12 18 months o Anal too strict potty training may become obsessively clean o Phallic boys become sexually attracted to mothers and nice versa o Latency gain relationships hobbies and social exploration o Genital adulthood socially approved heterosexual relations Psychoanalytic Psychosocial o Erik Erikson o Influence of society on developing personality o Covers 8 stages across lifespan basic trust vs mistrust etc o Balancing positive tendency with the negative one crisis that needs to be resolved Learning o Long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to the environment o Continuous not in stages and quantitative o Learning behaviorism o Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Stimulus and response o Operant conditioning B F Skinner Reinforcement and punishment o Social learning theory Albert Bandura o Reciprocal determinism the person acts on the world as the world acts on the person o Observational learning modeling o Cultural view of what is valued o Social acceptable behaviors are reinforced through praise attention and acceptance from society parents caregivers teachers Cognitive o Jean Piaget o Children develop as an effort to understand and act on their world o Organization creating categories o Adaptation Assimilation adjusting the information to fit cognitive structures Accommodation adjusting one s cognitive structures o Equilibration balance o Cognitive sociocultural theory Lev Vygotsky Children learn through social interaction o Helps support child through what is just beyond their reach Zone of proximal distance the gap between what children can do and what they not quite ready to accomplish by themselves Scaffolding unable to provide all labels for all information but parent provides a little information cat lion Contextual Urie Bronfenbrenner Bioecological theory o Development is only understood in social contexts Mircosystem directly involved in developing individual home school work Mesosystem links between parts of microsystem Exosystem links between micro and outside systems ex Tmedia government Macrosystem overarching cultural patterns Chronosystem dimension of time Evolutionary sociobiological E O Wilson o Based on Darwin adaptive behaviors of a species will lead to survival of the o People unconsciously strive not only for personal survival but to perpetuate their fittest genetic legacy Chapter 3 Prenatal development birth and the newborn baby Fertility and Fertilization Fertile window between 6th and 21st days of menstrual calendar o Week before week after menstruation o Highly predictable Gametes sex cells sperm egg ovum Zygote single cell when sperm fertilizes ovum Female factors Each female 2 ovaries 2 million ova each ova in follicle Ovary storage center Fallopian tube cilia to move along o Fertilization usually occurs here Uterus womb implantation Cervix opening of the uterus Male factors Sperm o Several hundred million a day o Ejaculated in the semen Testes sperm production Multiple Births twins Two ova o Two released o Unfertilized ova splits o Dizygotic twins fraternal twins One ova o Single fertilized ova splits o Monozygotic twins identical twins Triples Quadruplets Quintuplets etc o Nature of fertility drugs can caused women to ovulate many ova thus increasing the likelihood of multiple fertilization o Other fertility treatments e g shaving the egg for implantation can increase the likelihood that eggs can split Basics of genetics DNA Chromosomes coils of DNA o 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cell Sex chromosomes 23rd pair 23 from egg 23 from sperm 23 pairs Genes functional units of heredity Human genome complete set of genes in the human body Mitosis cell division of nonsex cells Determining sex Autosomes 22 pairs not related to sexual expression Male XY Genetic Transmission Patterns Dominant allele Recessive allele Homozygous 2 dominant or 2 recessive Heterozygous one dominant one recessive Genetic Transmission Patterns Polygenic inheritance interaction of several genes E g tongue curling Female XX o Skin color inheritance Phenotype physical expression of the code Mutations permanent alterations in genetic material Genotype genetic code Genetic Abnormalities Most prevalent 1 leading cause of infant death in the US o Cleft lip cleft palate down syndrome Not all are apparent at birth and may not appear until 6 months Inheritance of Defects Most normal genes are dominant over those carrying abnormal traits however some dominant traits can be abnormal Recessive defects are only expressed if child receives gene from each parent o More likely to be lethal at early age Sex linked defects Certain recessive disorders linked to sex chromosomes affect male and female children differently o Red green color blindness
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