Review Sheet for Final in class Exam Development 1 Know three stages and associated major activities of prenatal development Germinal conception 2weeks Begins with conception and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall Rapid cell division takes place o Major Activity Rapid Cell Division Embryonic 3rd 8th week Following implantation major development occurs in all the organs and systems of the body Development takes place through the processes of cell division cell migration cell differentiation and cell death as well as hormonal influences o Major Activity Organ Development Fetal 9th week birth Continued development of physical structures and rapid growth of the body Increasing levels of behavior sensory experience and learning o Major Activity GROWTH 2 Know stages of Piaget s theory of development and defining features object permanence egocentrism conservation concept abstract thinking etc Stage 1 Sensorimotor Stage o Object Permanence o Progression from reflex responses to goal oriented behavior trial error an object exists even when we cannot see it Stage 2 Preoperational view o Egocentrism tendency to perceive the world solely from one s own point of o Lack of understanding the conservation concept the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties o Centration focus on one dimension and ignore others Stage 3 Concrete Operational Stage o Reversibility actions can be reversed o Conservation o Decentration able to notice more than one dimension at once o Still struggle with thinking systematically and hypothetically Stage 4 Formal Operational Stage o Individuals can think abstractly reason hypothetically reason systematically about all possible outcomes of a situation imagine alternative worlds o Not universally achieved 3 Know AND BE ABLE TO DISCUSS central findings of Harlow s study and Ainsworth s follow up experiment discuss central findings and implications Harlow s Study Attachment Theory with caregivers increasing the chances of their own survival children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments Research Reared monkeys with cloth and wire mothers and tested the bond by seeing who the monkeys ran to in frightening novel situations raised with only wire mother did not interact with other monkeys normally seemed to be essential to developing attachment Monkeys Contact Comfort Ainsworth Follow Up Focus on finding empirical support for attachment theory Parental sensitivity to infant signals was key to attachment development o Responding to crying o Feeding o Providing face to face interactions o Letting babies engage in exploration o Approaching babies frequently showing affection Strange Situation Experiment two separations and reunions with the caregiver and interactions with a stranger when alone and when the caregiver is in the room The child is exposed to seven episodes including 4 Know differences between and central features of secure insecure avoidant and disorganized attachment styles Secure Attachment infant has a high quality relatively un ambivalent relationship with attachment figure o In strange situation may be upset when the caregiver leaves but will be happy to see them return recovers quickly from distress used caregiver as a secure base for exploration Insecure Attachment infants are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than explore the environment o Tend to become very upset when caregiver leaves them alone in room are not readily comforted by strangers when caregiver returns are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them Avoidant infants seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver o Seem indifferent toward their caregiver before they leave the room and indifferent avoidant when they return if children become upset when left alone they are easily comforted by a stranger as by caregiver 5 Know defining features of parenting styles and generate examples of child and parent characteristics associated with each Authoritative High in demandingness and high in supportiveness o Relationship is reciprocal responsive high in bidirectional communication Authoritarian High in demandingness and low in supportiveness o Relationship is controlling power assertive high in unidirectional communication Permissive Low in demandingness and high in supportiveness o Relationship is indulgent low in control attempts Rejecting Neglect Low in demandingness and low in supportiveness o Relationship is rejecting or neglecting involvement 6 Know what homeostasis is and what brain system is involved Homeostasis Functioning at an optimal level Hypothalamus is the main brain system involved Wellness 7 Know defining features of and differences between traumatic stress chronic stress everyday hassles and positive stress Traumatic Stress extremely negative stress o War o Natural Disasters o Crimes Chronic Stress can have lots of health consequences extended release of cortisol its effects on body reduce the immune system when most stressed you are more likely to get sick o Poverty o Health Problems Everyday Hassles o Stuck in traffic o Sleep through alarm o Put on hold on phone o Coffee line is too long Positive Stress o Fun events vacations birthdays o Motivating factor mild test anxiety Impaired immune function Ulcers indirectly Cardiovascular disease Kill brain cells Increase weight gain Alter chromosomes 8 Recognize examples of physiological implications of chronic stress 9 Identify examples of ineffective and effective coping strategies for stress and the defining difference between them Ineffective Strategies Ignoring Avoidance Substance use Effective Strategies Journaling Adjust your perspective Emotion regulation ability to successfully control emotions 10 Know difference between problem focused versus emotion focused coping Problem focused Coping all about reducing or eliminating the cause of a stressor o Looks like defining the problem generating alternative solutions following a plan of action Emotion focused Coping all about managing your emotional reaction to a stressor o Looks like seeking emotional support engaging in positive reappraisal kind of like seeing the silver lining expressing emotions using relaxation strategies engaging in distraction 11 Know defining features of Maslow s Hierarchy of needs Emotion Motivation Physiological Needs air water food shelter sleep sex Safety Security Love
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