Teratogens anything harmful that can be passed onto the child through the placenta ex heroin alcohol ect Developmental Psychology Physical cognitive social and moral changes throughout the lifespan Nature nurture Continuity stages Stability change Physical Development Birth stages cid 127 Germinal stage Zygote 0 2 weeks cell division Embryonic stage 2 8 weeks sex differentiation Fetal stage 9 weeks birth internal organ development cid 127 Maturation Biologica growth process Enables ordinary changes in behavior Relatively unaffected by experience cid 127 Milestones Rolling over 3 months Sitting without support 5 5 months Standing alone well 11 5 months cid 127 Walking well 12 months Universal Sequence cid 127 Genes play large role in when these will happen Cognitive Development How we develop mental activities e g thinking knowing remembering communicating Jean Piaget IQ tests Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development reverse what happened Sensorimotor 0 2 ways of knowing sensory info cid 127 motor exploration object permanence stranger anxiety Pre operational 2 6 Representation with words and images but not deep thought or logic Egocentrism at beginning of this stage Theory of mind starting around 4 ability to infer others mental states sympathy and empathy band aid box and pencils Conservation errors Concrete operational 7 11 Proposed 4 stages operation the ability to mentally transform an object or a situation to think through what might happen and to be able to mentally cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Logical thinking about concrete events Conservation cid 127 Math and logic transformations e g understanding 2 6 is the same as 6 2 Formal operational 12 Abstract thinking Hypothetical thinking e g what is the meaning of life what would it be like to live on Mars Social Development Attachment cid 127 What drives this bond Close emotional relationship with caregiver or another person Food positive reinforcement or Soft Hugs contact and comfort Early theorists thought food Harry Harlow thought soft hugs Attachment Survival impulse Keep close to caregiver 1950s study on monkeys John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth Attachment Theory these transfer on into adulthood Relationships and Health cid 127 Married people are generally healthier Moral Development Kohlberg s Stages Preconventional stages before 9 Conventional stage early adolescence Postconventional stage cid 127 Moral dilemma The Heinz story what determines the stage of development is the reasoning not the answer Preconventional avoid punishment and gain reward self interest obey rules because they re ordered to do what they want to cid 127 What s right cid 127 What parents say cid 127 What feels good Rewards and not punishment Conventional social rules laws upheld for their own sake cid 127 Morality is based on belief in laws and social conventions cid 127 Morality is trust caring loyalty to others Don t rock the boat Law and order orientation Postconventional follows personally perceived ethical principles human rights Does parental attention and love foster confidence and independence in children Attachment Styles Strange Situation Secure parent consistently responsive sensitive to child s needs child is confident in parent s availability Anxious ambivalent parent is inconsistent intrusive or aloof child fears rejection Avoidant parent consistently unresponsive insensitive to needs child does not depend on parent Secure 70 upset when mother leaves but is comforted when she returns Avoidant 20 do not cry when mother leaves and ignores when returns Anxious Ambivalent 10 cry when mother leaves but not comforted when returns Secure children and adults have better outcomes with psych social and well being measures popular health liked social skills happier Two large review papers one in the 80s by house et al and one last year by Holt Lundstad et al have shown that the risk of being socially isolated on your mortality is equal to that of being a regular smoker cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Laws and values are relative Laws are important to fit immediate needs and other goals In a conflict between laws and personal conscience the post conventional thinker chooses conscience cid 127 cid 127 cid 127
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