Exam will consist of 50 multiple choice questions each worth 1 5 points Review for Exam 1 There are 4 short answer questions totaling 25 points Entire exam is worth 100 points There will be a few extra credit questions at the end Research Methods Design 1 Clear understanding of what constitute a theory and a hypothesis Theory o Falsifiable o Simple parsimonious o Generate ideas for future research Hypothesis o It must be testable o Specific 2 Operational Definitions be able to provide specific examples with specific parameters and not just ones that use the cop out method on a scale from 1 10 Precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into measured variable very specific o More specific means less danger for misunderstanding o More specific means future replication Conceptual variables must be QUANTIFIABLE 3 Distinguishing features of correlational research versus experimental research CORRELATION RELATIONSHIP does not equal causation o To assess the relationships between and among two or more variables o Useful They suggest the possibility of causality but we CANNOT infer it o ISSUES Directionally cannot be used to draw inferences Third Variable is C accounting for the relationship between A and B EXPERIMENTAL o Manipulation of factors of interest to assess the casual impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable o While controlling for other factors then groups compared to determine influence of manipulation o Random assignment participants have an equal chance of being in the experimental group or control group NECESSARY o Control Group the group whose Independent variable is not manipulated they may get a placebo NECESSARY o Experiments are golden standard for research but sometimes aren t ethical VALIDITY o Internal Validity Confounding Variables Experimenter Bias o External Validity Generalizability Variable has had an effect Double blind study Neither participant nor the primary investigator knows what condition the participant is randomized to o Placebo Effect Belief that an inactive treatment or pseudo manipulated Independent 4 Identify Independent Dependent Variables and what they mean Independent Variables the variable that is manipulated or changed Dependent Variables the variable that is measured or that is dependent on the manipulation of the I V 5 Pearson s r what does it mean and what can it tell us STATISTIC representation of the strength of a linear relationship among variables correlation falls between 1 and 1 o The closer to 1 or 1 the STRONGER the relationship o The closer to 0 the WEAKER the relationship o Positive relationships mean that the direction of the two variables is the same they increase together or decrease together o Negative relationships mean that there is an INVERSE relationship between two variables one increases the other decreases vice versa Brain Behavior 6 Identify basic structures and respective functions of neuron 1 Cell Body Basic functions nutrition keeps the neuron alive 2 Dendrites Extensions from cell body that receive into from other cells tree like 3 Axon long extensions pathway info travels on away from soma and toward the next cell a Can be short one brain are to another or very long single axon can travel from spine b Action Potential Electrical signals being sent down the axon 4 Myelin Sheath Many but not all axons are covered in this fatty insulation that helps speed 5 Terminal Buttons The end of the axon that connects with the dendrite of a subsequent tissue or gland to foot up communication neuron a Electrical signal carried down the axon causes chemical messengers to be released from the terminal buttons chemical messengers Neurotransmitters 7 Basic structures of brainstem limbic system cerebral cortex and respective functions THE BRAINSTEM most primitive adaptive characteristics responsive control over autonomic functions responsive orientation toward movement and sound escape from immediate threats o Medulla controls heart rate and breathing o Pons coordinates movement o Cerebellum helps control voluntary movement o Thalamus relaying sensory and motor signs to brain consciousness o Reticular Formation controls arousal o Superior Colliculi primitive visual o Inferior Colliculi primitive auditory THE LIMBIC SYSTEM o Amygdala aggression and fear o Hypothalamus bodily maintenance fight flight feed and sexual functioning o Hippocampus memory o Anterior Cingulate error threat detection CEREBRAL CORTEX most evolved o Parietal Lobes receives sensory information and helps us know where our bodies are in space o Temporal Lobes receives auditory information o Occipital Lobes receives visual information o Motor Cortex controls voluntary movements o Sensory Cortex processes body touch and movement sensations 8 Basic understanding of specialized structures and respective functions in the central nervous system peripheral nervous system endocrine system NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Controls all of the body s major functions 1 Brain thinking reasoning and emotions ALSO all senses necessary life functions breathing heart rate temp regulation 2 Spinal Cord long thin tubular bundle of nerves supporting cells that extends down from brain 2 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Controls external actions muscles a Sensory nerves carry info from senses eyes ears taste touch nose to brain b Motor nerves carry info from the brain to muscles glands 2 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Controls internal actions organs glands involuntary a Sympathetic support physical activity fight or flight b Parasympathetic conserve body energy calming return to homeostasis 3 ENDOCRINE behavior hormones chemical messengers slow er acting widespread effect Secretes hormones from different glands in body influence emotions SYSTEM 1 Sympathetic parasympathetic systems work by communicating with endocrine 2 Hormones Estrogen Testosterone Adrenaline Cortisol Oxytocin Thyroid Melatonin Learning 9 Clear understanding of classical conditioning paradigm Pavalov Linking two or more stimuli to anticipate events o Unconditioned Unlearned o Conditioned Learned Pair neutral stimuli with stimuli that naturally elicits a response o Unconditioned Stimulus Eating Cookies o Unconditioned Response Salivation o Neutral Stimulus Smell of Coolies o Over several repetitions you begin to pair the smell of cookies NS with eating cookies US to produce saliva UR o Eventually smell of cookies will change
View Full Document
Unlocking...