Memory An ability to store and retrieve information External Events Sensory Memory Attention encoding cid 127 Working short term Memory Encoding Retrieval Long term Memory 3 Key Functions Encoding cid 127 Getting info in Two Ways Automatic space time frequency well learned info Effortful rehearsal Spacing effect Better to learn over time that to cram cid 127 Overlearn study even after it is learned for best results massed practive cramming bad Serial position effect cid 127 Order matters Recency effect Immediately after learning we remember the last items best Primary effect After a delay we remember the first items the best Levels of Processing cid 127 Memory is constructed not recorded Levels Visual cid 127 Organization Chunking Semantic Coding for meaning cid 127 Most effective finding meaning cid 127 Menmonics think ROYGBV people can remember 7 2 Storage Sensory Memory Immediate very brief recording of sensory info Pictures visual iconic half second Sounds echoic 3 4 seconds cid 127 Working Short term ST Memory Stores small amounts of info for short time up to 20 seconds unless rehearsed chunking Long term Memory Limitless storage organized automatic processing space time sequence frequency effortful processing meaning episodic semantic procedural Declarative knowledge is knowing that Procedural knowledge is knowledge how Procedural Knowledge how to dial a telephone number how to drive a car how to build a boat etc Retrieval cid 127 Why do we forget cid 127 Motivated forgetting cid 127 We actively seek to suppress memories Evidence Happy memories last longer than unhappy memories cid 127 Memories from the past tend to be more positive than the experience itself was Decay Lack of Rehearsal We don t keep information available and fresh in our minds cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Asked them did another car pass while the red car was at the stop sign or did another car pass the red car cid 127 We tend to rehearse happy but not happy memories Sometimes we forget because we never really knew the answer in the first place Ex US Penny Eyewitness Testimony Elizabeth Loftus Psychologist that studied eyewitness Participants watch a slideshow of a car accident cid 127 One had a yield sign and another with no sign In the Control Condition under 20 said Yes In Leading Question Condition over 80 said Yes Leading Control question after viewing videotape of car crash Control How fast was the car going when it bumped into the other car Leading How fast was the gar going when it smashed into the other car cid 127 Was there broken glass Bumped not as much and moderate speed Smashed yes and very fast Eyewitness testimony is the most compelling evidence at trial Eyewitness testimony is the least accurate evidence at trial Eyewitness testimony is the most common evidence overturned by DNA evidence cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127
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