1 PSYC 104 Unit 4 o Motivation o Social Interaction and Influence o Abnormal Behavior and Treatment Part I II Abnormal Behaviors and Treatments What is abnormal o Distress Disability and Deviance o The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM Historical Background then and now o Supernatural Explanations ex the Devil and exorcism o Physiological Explanations Hippocrates and humors o Humane Care The Bethlehem Hospital Philipp Pinel and Dorothea Dix o Psychological Explanations Freud and those who followed Modern Explanations o The Psychodynamic Explanation and Psychotherapy o The Learning Explanation and Behavior Therapy o The Cognitive Explanation and Cognitive Behavior Therapy o The Physiological Explanation and Drugs Disorders as Packages Symptoms Cause and Treatments o Different disorders have different causes o The same disorder can have different causes o Different treatments must be used to treat different causes o Physiology provides the final pathway to symptoms o DSM determines what is abnormal and not abnormal in original talked about the symptoms of disorder cause of disorder treatment of we now only talk about the symptoms because our understanding of the cause of the disorder disorder is changing no discussion of treatments in order to avoid misleading people Supernatural Explanations Devil was thought to be the cause of abnormal behaviors and the only treatment was exorcism exorcism drive the spirit out Catholic church Salem witchcraft trials people will pray for the relief of symptoms girls were held under water and if they were still alive when they came up they were considered a witch 2 o Physiological Explanations imbalance of humors in the body fluids excessive levels of black humor depression Hippocrates neurotransmitters hidden away chained to walls starved o Humane Care mental patients were not treated very well Pinel suggested treating patients humanely took chains off of them and fed them Dorothea Dix teacher one woman campaign founded around 40 state mental hospitals o Psychological Explanations Freud o learning approach some hospitals have token economy ward does not treat underlying disorder o Cognitive Explanation if you convince the patient that they are not a bad person they will stop being depressed have to think of symptoms causes and treatments when seeing a patient neurotransmitters in brain stress influences brain what causes physiological problems Anxiety Disorders o Phobias Agoraphobia Social Phobia Specific Phobias o Generalized Anxiety Disorder o Panic Disorder o Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 3 phobias irrational fears Agoraphobia fear of being in a situation in which you may make a fool of yourself and want to escape from the situation results in strange behaviors ex woman has belief that she would somehow breakdown and do something embarrassing when she was out shopping Cause of anxiety would get higher as time went by Did her shopping early in the morning Went to bed the night before completely dressed so when she wakes up the next morning she can get out of bed quickly and go to the store Would hurry through aisles and get to checkout fast Panics when there are two or three people in front of her in line so she leaves her food and runs back to her car where she feels comfortable ex make up excuses saying you have to do homework to avoid going out and doing something with friends Social phobias phobias of social situations where you might make a fool of yourself ex concerned about making a fool out of herself on the phone Called first thing in the morning Specific Phobias ex fear of dogs fear of feet fear of trains Causes of phobias classical conditioned Little Albert white rat To get rid of phobias that are classically conditioned you produce the stimulus without it being paired with the fear get rid of phobias through extinction cognitive approach and learning approach changing a belief learning approach more effective than cognitive approach if you have one phobia it s likely you will have another one why do some people have phobias and some people don t physiological reactive phobias base of phobia is related to reaction Treatment of phobias dim down physiological arousal alcohol reduces arousal thereby eventually reducing phobia Xanax Generalized Anxiety Disorder individual is constantly anxious hard to interact with people high levels of arousal high anxiety can lead to heart problems no specific stimulus associated with generalized anxiety have low levels of substances that activate inhibitory neurons in the brain 4 GABA taking an antidepressant serotonin activates inhibitory areas in the brain Panic Disorder physiological disorder panic attack bad chest pains heart beats fast head gets hot feel like passing out or dying usually last about 20 minutes for many years we have misdiagnosed panic attacks as heart attacks same symptoms as heart attacks take antidepressants for panic attacks people with panic attacks have over active respiratory control centers respiratory control center monitors level of carbon dioxide in your blood low level of serotonin antidepressants increase levels of serotonin so respiratory control center is fine and you don t have as many panic attacks sometimes people with panic attacks also have depression deals with levels of serotonin Freudians said panic attacks were due to Schizophrenia deterioration to the brain that can t be treated major symptoms hallucinations things you hear see feel that are not real ex betty sees people come into her bedroom at night and stand at the foot of her bed and tell her that she should cut herself and die Ex sees blood running down peoples faces delusions beliefs that things are happening that aren t ex police are chasing you when they really aren t individuals with schizophrenia cant screen out different noises disturbed thought process two forms of schizophrenia positive symptoms things that everyone else don t have hallucinations delusions negative symptoms lack things that everybody else has Betty skipped her senior year of high school because she was so smart had no symptoms randomly got schizophrenia one of the first people to try all of the new medications sometimes they would work and then stop working sued the gov arguing that the drug should be given to people with schizophrenia with financial help because it was so expensive 5 Schizophrenia TABLE 10 1 types of Schizophrenia and their symptoms Type Disorganized Symptoms Disorganized speech with
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