Earth Science 104 IntroductionPeer Led InstructionScales of Space and TimePlanet EarthSphere interactionsAtmosphere BiosphereGeosphereTectonic PlatesCrustTectonic movementsComplex InteractionsHydrologic CycleInternal and external cyclesConvectionEarth’s StructureCompositionEarth’s Interior PropertiesIn Class Activity 1Internal DivisionInterface of spheresNebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation.Nebular HypothesisSolar system formed from nebular cloud Big Bang forms all matterIn Class Activity 2History of AstronomyAnaxagorasAristotleEratosthenes calculated Earth’s size in ~ 240 BCPtolemy’s map of EuropeRetrograde motionPtolemy’s Solar SystemEpicycle explains retrograde motionPtolemy’s workNicolaus CopernicusArguments against Heliocentric ModelIn Class Activity 3In Class Activity 3Tycho BraheTycho Brahe in his observatoryTycho’s 1572 Nova observationsTycho’s comet of 1577Tycho’s model of solar systemJohannes KeplerFirst Law of Planetary MotionKepler’s 2nd LawKepler’s third law of planetary motionGalileo GalileiGalileo’s Astronomical DiscoveriesGalileo’s notes on Jupiter’s moonsPtolemaic version of VenusPhases of VenusGalileo’s explanation of Venus’ phasesMoon’s surface has textureIsaac NewtonOrbital motion of planetsFoucault’s PendulumPeer Led InstructionGet your lab manual1Earth Science 104Earth’s Place in the Cosmos, StructureHistory of AstronomyIntroduction• No lab this week– Must pass lab to pass this class– Instructors will give percent lab grade to one another• Get Lab Manual this week– Do PRELAB 1 before lab next week– Bring manual to lab each weekPeer Led Instruction• Library—Wednesday 6:30 to 8:30 PM• Kristin Mooney—Science Education Major• Add ES104X—CRN 11017• First Session: Sept 26, 2007– Do review questions to see if you think it help– Sit in to see if it is for you– Can add before Oct. 3 sessionScales of Space and TimePlanet EarthSphere interactions2Atmosphere Biospherehttp://www.earthscienceeducation.com/creative_science/chemistry_index.htmGeospherehttp://www.miamisci.org/ecolinks/geosphere.htmlTectonic PlatesCrusthttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/glossary.php?term=crustTectonic movements3Complex Interactionshttp://www.msu.edu/~colungag/docs/philosophy.htmHydrologic Cyclehttp://www.mnforsustain.org/water_climate_global_water_cycle_study.htmInternal and external cycles ConvectionEarth’s Structure• Rocky Planet– Silicates–Metals• Melting allowed gravity to separate by density– Metals drawn to center– Silicates dominate the remainder• Oxygen and Silicon most common elements• Combine with other elements to make feldspars, pyroxenes, amphiboles and quartzComposition• Core ~ 3500 km radius• Mantle ~ 2900 km thick• Crust < 100 km4Earth’s Interior Properties• Inner core• Outer core• Lower mantle• Asthenosphere• LithosphereIn Class Activity 1a. What similarities exist in the classification of Earth’s interior based on composition and on properties?b. Identify differences in the classification of Earth’s interior by composition or by physical propertiesInternal Division• Mantle-Crust boundary is compositional– More silica, less iron, magnesium in crust• Asthenosphere-Lithosphere boundary is based on properties– Asthenosphere is weak, flows– Lithosphere is rigidInterface of spheresNebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation.5Nebular Hypothesis• NEBULA– Rotating cloud of dust and gases – Collapses into solid bodies• Formed our solar system–Sun– Major Planets– Dwarf planets, asteroids and cometsSolar system formed from nebular cloud Big Bang forms all matter• Much more ancient than nebular collapse• “Beginning of the universe”In Class Activity 2a. What is a nebula?b. Was the ‘big bang’ the event that formed our solar system?History of Astronomy• Ancient civilizations believed that Earth was at the center of the universe—GEOCENTRIC MODEL• Age of Reason beginning to recognize Sun is center of Solar System—HELIOCENTRIC MODEL• Age of Technology exploring wide reaches of the universe6Anaxagoras•5thcentury B.C.• Moon is a sphere lighted by Sunhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.htmlAristotle•4thcentury BC• Earth is a spherehttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/aristotle.htmlEratosthenes calculatedEarth’s size in ~ 240 BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes#Measurement_of_the_EarthPtolemy’s map of Europehttp://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Experimental/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/full-images/d-mathematics/math21.gifRetrograde motion• Mars usually moves across sky west to east• Occasionally appears to move east to west• Occurs when Earth is ‘passing’ MarsPtolemy’s Solar System7Epicycle explains retrograde motion• Since thought was Earth is the centerPtolemy’s work• Amalgest compiled in 141 BC• Survived by preservation in libraries in Persia• Rediscovered by Europeans as Arabic translations of the original Greek• Translated into Latin in 13thcentury• Influenced intellectual thought for centuriesNicolausCopernicus• Earth rotates on an axis, instead of everything orbiting Earth• Earth orbits Sun like the planets, so it a planet too• “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”, 1543http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/copernicus.htmlArguments against Heliocentric Model• Earth would fly apart if it rotated on an axis• Moon would be left behind if Earth orbited Sun• Since God created Earth and Sun and all the heavenly bodies, Earth is the center of the universeIn Class Activity 3Come up with examples or evidence to counter these argumentsa. Earth would fly apart if it rotated on an axisb. Moon would be left behind if Earth orbited Sun8Tycho Brahe• Detailed observations of movement of planetshttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.htmlTycho Brahe in his observatory• His careful observations and records are his most important legacyhttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.3.htmlTycho’s 1572 Nova observationshttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.1.htmlTycho’s comet of 1577http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.2.htmlTycho’smodel of solar system• Discounted Copernicus model because he could not discern stellar parallax• It does exist, he didn’t have tools to see ithttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.4.htmlJohannes Kepler•
View Full Document
Unlocking...