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WOU ES 104 - Exam Guide

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Earth Science 104 Study Guide—Final Exam VocabularyA’a Accretionary wedge Active continental margin Andesite, Andesitic composition Anticline Basalt, Basaltic composition Basin Batholith Bowen’s reaction series Brittle failure Caldera Cinder cone Cleavage Coarse-grained texture Columnar joint Composite cone, composite volcano Continental volcanic arc Crater Crust Crystal Crystal settling Crystallization Decompression melting Deformation Dike Dip-slip fault Dissolved gases Dome Ductile deformation Electron Element Fault Fault scarp Fault-block mountains Feldspar Felsic Fine-grained texture Fissure Fissure eruption Flood basalt Flux melting Fold Fracture Geothermal gradient Glassy texture Graben Granite. Granitic composition Hardness Horst Igneous rock Intermediate composition Intrusive Ion Island arc Isostasy Isostatic adjustment Joint Laccolith Lahar Lava Lithosphere Luster Mafic Magma Mantle Mantle plume Mineral Mohs hardness scale Monocline Neutron Normal fault Nucleus Orogenesis Orogeny Pahoehoe Partial melting Passive continental margin Pluton Plutonic Porphyritic texture Proton Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic materials Quartz Reverse fault Rock Rock cycle Rock forming minerals Scoria Shield volcano Silicate Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Sill Specific gravity Stratovolcano Streak Strike-slip fault Syncline Terrane Texture Thrust fault Transform fault Ultramafic composition Vein deposit Vent Viscosity Volatiles Volcanic island arc Volcanic neck VolcanoBe sure to look over the study guide for the midterm, your review questions and the in-class activities. Much of the rest of this study guide is a summary of the second unit of this course. If you take it seriously, chances are good you will do well on the final exam. Minerals are naturally-occurring, inorganic crystalline solids with definite chemical formulas. Physical properties important for mineral identification include luster, hardness, cleavage, crystal form, and some special properties like magnetism or effervescing in weak acid. The largest group of minerals is the silicates. Quartz and feldspar are the most common silicate minerals. Other rock-forming silicate minerals are biotite, hornblende, pyroxene, and olivine. Common non-silicates include halite, calcite and gypsum. Rocks are composed of minerals or mineral-like solids. There are three main classes of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each can form from any of the others. Know how each forms. Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of composition, and texture (grain sizes). Know the implications of the texture of an igneous rock. Know the differences of granite, diorite, gabbro, rhyolite, andesite and basalt. Each compositional group occurs in a distinct tectonic environment. Basalt is the most common volcanic rock, has predominantly passive eruptions, from hot-spots or diverging plates. Granite is the most common plutonic rock, and occurs chiefly within continental volcanic arcs at convergent margins. Magma is generated by partial melting of the mantle, caused by increased temperature, pressure release or addition of water as a flux. Know where (in terms of plate tectonics) each of these events occurs. Two distinct types of magma are formed: basaltic (mafic) and granitic (felsic); intermediate types occur by assimilation of continental material in basaltic magma. The two types of magma lead to different styles of volcanic eruptions. Know the difference, and where each is likely to occur. What affects the viscosity of magma, and how do these variations affect the viscosity? Basalt is fluid, and commonly flows as pahoehoe. Felsic magma often is explosive, and commonly erupts violently with a large outpouring of pyroclastic material.Shield volcanoes are the largest type of volcanic peak, composed of basalt, and usually have quiet eruptions. Composite cones (stratovolcanoes) are also large, have interbedded lava and pyroclastic deposits, and can have violent eruptions, including nuee ardente flows. Cinder cones are the smallest, short-lived, steep-sided, and composed nearly completely of pyroclastic material. Most volcanoes are associated with plate boundaries, however remember hot-spots. Magma chambers feed volcanoes via conduits or pipes, which may remain after the volcanoes erode away as volcanic necks. Intrusive features of plutonic rocks solidified below Earth’s surface include dikes, sills, laccoliths, stocks and plutons. Know the differences of these. Deformation can be ductile or brittle. Ductile deformation includes various styles of folding: know the names of the kinds of folds, and that folds form as a result of compressive forces. Domes and basins are regional features associated with crustal uplift or subsidence. Brittle deformation can be faulting, where appreciable movement occurs on the break, or joints, without appreciable movement on the breakage plane. Faults can be dip-slip or strike-slip. Dip-slip faults that have movement of the hanging wall down the fault plane are called ‘normal’. Normal faulting is the result of tensional forces, often at diverging tectonic plates or as a consequence of regional uplift. If the hanging wall has moved up the fault plane, it is called ‘reverse’. Reverse faults with a low angle fault plane (<45o) are classed as thrust faults. Reverse faults are the result of compressional forces, often where tectonic plates are converging. Thrust faults can move crustal blocks tens or hundreds of kilometers. Strike-slip faults have movement parallel to the trend of the fault plane. The best-known strike-slip fault is the San Andreas Fault, in California, where right-lateral movement between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate has offset rocks for at least the past 29 million years. Many strike-slip faults link offsets in the mid ocean ridge, where their motion accommodates displacement of lithospheric plates. Mountain belts are created along plate boundaries. Where plates converge, the generation of magma, and the deformation of the rocks will lead to folded mountain belts with plutonic cores.• Aleutian type mountain belts are the result of convergence of two oceanic plates, where an oceanic volcanic arc is created. • Andes type mountain belts occur where the convergence is between an oceanic plate and a continental plate. There is emplacement of felsic and andesitic magma, a continental volcanic arc, and deformation of the


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WOU ES 104 - Exam Guide

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