MineralsMineral• Naturally occurring• Inorganic• Solid• Regularly repeating internal arrangement of atoms• Definite chemical compositionRocks may be composed of minerals and/or other materialPeriodic tableAtomic structureATOM FEATURES• Nucleus contains both protons and neutrons• Each atom of an element has the same number of protons in the nucleus• Different atoms of the same element may have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus• These differing-neutron atoms are called isotopesShells of electronsELECTRON FEATURES• Electrons occur in a cloud around nucleus• More likely to occur at certain distances and with a certain amount of energy than in other places—the energy shells• Inner shells fill before outer shells are created• Full shells more stable than partial shellsPeriodic tablePERIODIC TABLE• Arranged from lowest atomic number to highest, from left to right, from top to bottom• Each row corresponds to an energy shell• Each column contains elements with similar properties, which repeat on a regular (or periodic) basis• These similar properties are a result of the same number of electrons in the outermost shellIonic bonding• Result of stability of filled outer shells of electrons• Sodium apt to lose its lone outer electron• Chlorine apt to fill its nearly-full outer shellIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES•CRYSTAL FORM•LUSTER•COLOR•STREAK• HARDNESSQuartz crystalsPyrite crystalsOlivine crystalFluorite crystalsRealgar crystalsberylNonsilicate—bornite copper oreIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES• CLEAVAGE• FRACTURE• SPECIFIC GRAVITY• “OTHER” PROPERTIES– TASTE, MAGNETISM, SMELL– FIZZ IN Hydrochloric ACID• DILUTE, HEATED, IF MINERAL IS POWDERED– DOUBLE REFRACTIONCleavage—muscoviteCleavage—fluorite, halite, calciteConchoidal fracture—quartzFibrous fracture—asbesoformmineralGalena cleavageElemental Abundance in CrustSilica tetrahedronSilicate StructureHornblendePotassium FeldsparPlagioclaseCopperCalciteHaliteGypsumThe rock cycleIgneous Rocks• Cool from magma• Magma is a mixture of molten rock, solid crystals and dissolved gases• Magma is predominantly silica compoundsBowen’s lab--1910http://vgp.agu.org/bowen_paper/bowen_paper.htmlNorman Levi Bowen• Experiments of melting igneous rocks• Discovered minerals melt in a distinct and regular order• Hypothesized will crystallize in opposite orderhttp://vgp.agu.org/bowen_paper/bowen_paper.htmlBowen’s Reaction Series• Cooling silicate melt• At certain temperature, a particular set of minerals will crystallize• These will change into different minerals if they remain in contact with magma during cooling phaseBowen’ Reaction Series• At certain temperature, a particular set of minerals will crystallize• Those are the ones present if there is no more magma to solidify• May be removed from remaining magma, so they don’t react with itBowen’s Reaction SeriesSedimentary rock outcropsSediment depositionSedimentary rockSedimentary classificationsandstoneWhite cliffs of DoverfossilsDessication cracksRipple marksBefore deformationGranite and gneissSlateMarble• http://www.carrieresducharme.com/interest.htmFolded rockMetamorphic deformationFold in metamorphic rockConvergent plate boundary• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.htmlOceanic basin tectonics• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.htmlPassive continent-to-ocean lithosphere transition•
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