Intrusive Igneous ProcessesMineral ResourcesIntrusive featureshttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/volcanic.htmlSill diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmsill Columnar jointing Dike diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmdikehttp://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/minrx.htmLaccolithhttp://www.fs.fed.us/r4/resources/geology/geo_points_interest/dixie.shtmlUte Mtn Laccolithhttp://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/707/images/fig53.jpgUte Mtnhttp://www.fone.net/~rfrankd/UteMountain2.htmStock and batholith diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmMagma bodyIgneous bodies batholithWestern US batholithexposurehttp://bio-geo-terms.blogspot.com/2007/02/batholith.htmlExposed batholith Roof pendantshttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmPlutons in Patagoniahttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/drawn.htmlhttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/drawn.htmlContact of Patagonia PlutonMagma environmentsGeothermal Gradienthttp://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1001/Summer_Session/CourseReview.htmConfining pressurehttp://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/igneous/igneous.htmlDecompression meltingMagma at oceanic ridgehttp://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/PLATETEC/SpreadCtrs.HTMOceanic ridge sectionhttp://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/depts/science/earth/smith/smith3.htmRifting tectonic setting Divergent continentalIceland volcanic rifthttp://www.mortbay.com/images/holidays/1998/Iceland/Iceland05.htmlIntraplate volcanismHotspot Volcanic chain on North Americahttp://www.anthonares.net/2006/03/the-yellowstone-supervolcano-a-pulsing-malevolance.htmlHot spot volcanism Island chain from mantle plumehttp://faculty.weber.edu/bdattilo/parks/parks_t2_review.htmlWater driven from subducting slab• lowers melting temperaturePartial Meltinghttp://oldweb.uwp.edu/academic/geology/workshop/rock.htmLocations of volcanoes1.—melting increases volumeOcean-ocean Convergent volcanism1.—melting increases volumeAleutians--obliquehttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Aleutians-aerial.jpghttp://home.earthlink.net/~patron9/ with permission of author tom bigleyAleutians—from spaceTaken on the STS-56 shuttle mission, in April 1993. Image number: STS056-071-031http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aleutians-space.jpgContinent-ocean convergent boundary volcanismSouthern South Americahttp://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/screenshots-bm.htmlSummary of tectonic environments of igneous rockshttp://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Introigrx.htmlMineral Resources•Ore: – Mineral or rock from which metal is extracted– Anything that can be mined at a profit• Industrial mineral:– geological materials which are mined for their commercial value, which are not fuel and are not sources of metals Ore Deposits• Many metallic elements don’t fit into common silicate crystal structures• Remain in solutions left by cooling magma• Can permeate surrounding rocks or fill cracks in surrounding rocksDisseminated Ore Deposits• Solutions permeate surrounding rocks• Precious metals: mostly gold• Base metals: copper, lead, zincTypical grade of disseminated precious metal depositDisseminated gold deposit• Disseminated gold deposit• http://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/gold_geology.htmCopper mine in Arizona• Copper mine in Arizona• http://regulus2.azstarnet.com/gallery/view/33221Bingham Copper Mine• Bingham Canyon Copper Mine: largest manmade excavation on Earthhttp://www.mining-technology.com/projects/bingham/bingham2.htmlCopper deposit disseminated in strata• Copper-cobalt deposit in Zambia• http://www.datametallogenica.com/pages/minidisc/html/nkana_files/nkana-fieldmine/page.htmlVein Ore Deposits• Fluid fills cracks in surrounding rocks• Mineral deposits are often visible to the naked eye• Hydrothermal depositsHydrothermal veins• Commonly have quartz and/or calcite• Sometimes other minerals deposited• The ‘mother lode’gold deposits were of this type• http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/geologyofcornwall/Mineralisation.htmVein deposit• Sulfide vein deposit• http://www.zambia-mining.com/explorationright.htmlVein deposits• Copper vein deposit• http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/gold/nugget/index_e.phpPlacer Ore Deposits• Concentrated by weathering and transportation• Streams, beachesPlacer Gold• Panning and sluice box methodshttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/slucing.htmhttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/Panning.htmHydraulicking• Historic and modern commercial placer mininghttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/commercial_equip.htmMarine placer depositshttp://geology.uprm.edu/Morelock/reshard.htm• gold, platinum, tin, titanium, and rare earth metals “Industrial” Minerals• Usually not metals• Limestone for cement• Sand and gravel for construction• Chemicals– Fertilizer–Flux–Salt• Clay for bricks and ceramicsCement plant• Cement factory: processes limestone• http://www.abbasllcgroup.com/cementSand and gravel operation• Sand and gravel operation• http://www.weirimc.com/industries.htmHalite/Sylvite mine• Potassium chloride (sylvite) for fertilizerDetroit salt mine• Note pillar and room excavationhttp://www.detroitsalt.com/home.htmUnderground salt mineEvaporative salt pond• Sri Lankahttp://puttalam.com/puttalam-picturesSulfur: Frasch processhttp://en.allexperts.com/e/f/fr/frasch_process.htmSulfur
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