MineralsPeriodic tableAtomic structureATOM FEATURESShells of electronsELECTRON FEATURESPeriodic tablePERIODIC TABLEIonic bondingIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIESQuartz crystalsPyrite crystalsOlivine crystalFluorite crystalsRealgar crystalsberylNonsilicate—bornite copper oreIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIESCleavage—muscoviteCleavage—fluorite, halite, calciteConchoidal fracture—quartz Fibrous fracture—asbesoform mineralGalena cleavageElemental Abundance in CrustSilica tetrahedronSilicate StructureHornblendePotassium FeldsparPlagioclaseCopperCalciteHaliteGypsumThe rock cycleIgneous RocksBowen’s lab--1910Norman Levi BowenBowen’s Reaction SeriesBowen’ Reaction SeriesBowen’s Reaction SeriesSedimentary rock outcropsSediment depositionSedimentary rockSedimentary classificationsandstoneWhite cliffs of DoverfossilsDessication cracksRipple marksBefore deformationGranite and gneissSlateMarbleFolded rockMetamorphic deformationFold in metamorphic rockConvergent plate boundaryOceanic basin tectonicsPassive continent-to-ocean lithosphere transition1MineralsReading Chapter 2Pages 29-46Periodic tableAtomic structure ATOM FEATURES• Nucleus contains both protons and neutrons• Each atom of an element has the same number of protons in the nucleus• Different atoms of the same element may have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus• These differing-neutron atoms are called isotopesShells of electrons ELECTRON FEATURES• Electrons occur in a cloud around nucleus• More likely to occur at certain distances and with a certain amount of energy than in other places—the energy shells• Inner shells fill before outer shells are created• Full shells more stable than partial shells2Periodic tablePERIODIC TABLE• Arranged from lowest atomic number to highest, from left to right, from top to bottom• Each row corresponds to an energy shell• Each column contains elements with similar properties, which repeat on a regular (or periodic) basis• These similar properties are a result of the same number of electrons in the outermost shellIonic bonding• Result of stability of filled outer shells of electrons• Sodium apt to lose its lone outer electron• Chlorine apt to fill its nearly-full outer shellIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES• CRYSTAL FORM•LUSTER• COLOR• STREAKQuartz crystals Pyrite crystals3Olivine crystal Fluorite crystalsRealgar crystals berylNonsilicate—bornite copper oreIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES• CLEAVAGE• FRACTURE• SPECIFIC GRAVITY• “OTHER” PROPERTIES– TASTE, MAGNETISM, SMELL– FIZZ IN Hydrochloric ACID• DILUTE, HEATED, IF MINERAL IS POWDERED– DOUBLE REFRACTION4Cleavage—muscoviteCleavage—fluorite, halite, calciteConchoidal fracture—quartz Fibrous fracture—asbesoformmineralGalena cleavage Elemental Abundance in Crust5Silica tetrahedronSilicate StructureHornblende Potassium FeldsparPlagioclase Copper6Calcite HaliteGypsumThe rock cycleIgneous Rocks• Cool from magma• Magma is a mixture of molten rock, solid crystals and dissolved gases• Magma is predominantly silica compoundsBowen’s lab--1910http://vgp.agu.org/bowen_paper/bowen_paper.html7Norman Levi Bowen• Experiments of melting igneous rocks• Discovered minerals melt in a distinct and regular order• Hypothesized will crystallize in opposite orderhttp://vgp.agu.org/bowen_paper/bowen_paper.htmlBowen’s Reaction Series• Cooling silicate melt• At certain temperature, a particular set of minerals will crystallize• These will change into different minerals if they remain in contact with magma during cooling phaseBowen’ Reaction Series• At certain temperature, a particular set of minerals will crystallize• Those are the ones present if there is no more magma to solidify• May be removed from remaining magma, so they don’t react with itBowen’s Reaction SeriesSedimentary rock outcrops Sediment deposition8Sedimentary rockSedimentary classificationsandstone White cliffs of Doverfossils Dessication cracks9Ripple marksBefore deformationGranite and gneissSlate Marble• http://www.carrieresducharme.com/interest.htm10Folded rock Metamorphic deformationFold in metamorphic rockConvergent plate boundary• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.htmlOceanic basin tectonics• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.htmlPassive continent-to-ocean lithosphere transition•
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