INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS PROCESSESPROCESSESMINERAL RESOURCESV00290873Intrusive featuresIntrusive featureshttp://www.slackpacker.com/igneous.htmlIgneous bodiesIgneous bodieshttp://www.virginiawestern.edu/faculty/vwszaba/Phisical/chapter%204.igneous%20rocks.htmSill diagramSill diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmsillsillColumnar jointingColumnar jointingDike diagramDike diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmdikedikehttp://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/minrx.htmLaccolithLaccolithhttp://www.fs.fed.us/r4/resources/geology/geo_points_interest/dixie.shtmlUte Mtn LaccolithUte Mtn Laccolithhttp://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/707/images/fig53.jpgUte MtnUte Mtnhttp://www.fone.net/~rfrankd/UteMountain2.htmStock and batholith diagramStock and batholith diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmMagma bodyMagma bodyIgneous bodiesIgneous bodiesbatholithbatholithWestern US batholith exposureexposurehttp://bio-geo-terms.blogspot.com/2007/02/batholith.htmlExposed batholithExposed batholithRoof pendantsRoof pendantshttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmPlutons in PatagoniaPlutons in Patagoniahttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/drawn.htmlContact ofContact of Patagonia Plutonhttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/drawn.htmlMagma environmentsGeothermal GradientGeothermal Gradienthttp://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1001/Summer_Session/CourseReview.htmConfining pressureConfining pressurehttp://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/igneous/igneous.htmlDecompression meltingDecompression meltingMagma at oceanic ridgehttp://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/PLATETEC/SpreadCtrs.HTMOceanic ridge sectionsectionhttp://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/depts/science/earth/smith/smith3.htmRifting tectonic settingRifting tectonic settingDivergent continentalDivergent continentalIceland volcanic http://www.mortbay.com/images/holidays/1998/Iceland/Iceland05.htmlriftIntraplate volcanismIntraplate volcanismHotspot Volcanic chain onHotspot Volcanic chain on North Americahttp://www.anthonares.net/2006/03/the-yellowstone-supervolcano-a-pulsing-malevolance.htmlHot spot volcanismHot spot volcanismIsland chain from mantle plumeIsland chain from mantle plumehttp://faculty.weber.edu/bdattilo/parks/parks_t2_review.htmlWater driven from subductingWater driven from subducting slab lowers melting temperaturePartial MeltingPartial Meltinghttp://oldweb.uwp.edu/academic/geology/workshop/rock.htmLocations of volcanoesLocations of volcanoesOcean-ocean Convergent1.—melting increases volumeOcean-ocean Convergent volcanismAleutians--obliqueAleutians--obliquehttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Aleutians-aerial.jpghttp://home.earthlink.net/~patron9/with permission of author tom bigleyAleutians—from spaceAleutians—from spaceTaken on the STS-56 shuttle mission, in April 1993. Image number: STS056-071-031http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aleutians-space.jpgContinent-ocean convergentContinent-ocean convergent boundary volcanismSouthern South AmericaSouthern South Americahttp://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/screenshots-bm.htmlSummary of tectonicSummary of tectonic environments of igneous rockshttp://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Introigrx.htmlMineral ResourcesMineral Resources Ore: àMineral or rock from which metal is extractedàMineral or rock from which metal is extractedà Anything that can be mined at a profitdili l Industrial mineral:à geological materials which are mined for their commercial value, which are not fuel and are not sources of metalsOre DepositsOre Deposits Many metallic elements don’t fit into common silicate crystal structurescommon silicate crystal structures Remain in solutions left by cooling magma Can permeate surrounding rocks or fill cracks in surrounding rocksgDisseminated Ore DepositsDisseminated Ore Deposits Solutions permeate surrounding rocksPrecious metals: mostly goldPrecious metals: mostly gold Base metals: copper, lead, zincTypical grade of disseminatedTypical grade of disseminated precious metal depositDisseminated gold depositDisseminated gold deposit Disseminated gold deposit• http://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/gold_geology.htmCopper mine in Arizona Copper mine in Arizona• http://regulus2.azstarnet.com/gallery/view/33221Bingham Copper Minehttp://www.mining-technology.com/projects/bingham/bingham2.htmlBingham Copper Mine Bingham Canyon Copper Mine: largest manmade excavation on EarthCopper deposit disseminated inCopper deposit disseminated in strata Copper-cobalt deposit in Zambia• http://www.datametallogenica.com/pages/minidisc/html/nkana_files/nkana-fieldmine/page.htmlVein Ore DepositsVein Ore Deposits Fluid fills cracks in surrounding rocksMineral deposits are often visible to theMineral deposits are often visible to the naked eye Hydrothermal depositsHydrothermal veinsveins Commonly have quartz and/or calcite Sometimes other minerals depositedminerals deposited The ‘mother lode’ gold deposits were of thisdeposits were of this type• http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/geologyofcornwall/Mineralisation.htmVein depositVein depositSlfid i d itSulfide vein deposit• http://www.zambia-mining.com/explorationright.htmlVein depositsVein deposits Copper vein deposit• http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/gold/nugget/index_e.phpPlacer Ore DepositsPlacer Ore Deposits Concentrated by weathering and transportationtransportation Streams, beachesPlacer Gold Panning and sluice box methodssluice box methodshttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/slucing.htmhttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/Panning.htmHydraulickingHydraulickingHistoric andHistoric and modern commercialcommercial placer mininghttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/commercial_equip.htmgold platinum tin titanium and rare earth metalsMarine placer depositsgold, platinum, tin, titanium, and rare earth metals http://geology.uprm.edu/Morelock/reshard.htm“Industrial” Minerals Usually not metalsLi t f tLimestone for cement Sand and gravel for constructiong ChemicalsàFertilizeràFertilizerà FluxSltàSalt Clay for bricks and ceramicsCement plantCement plant Cement factory: processes limestone• http://www.abbasllcgroup.com/cementSand and gravel operationSand and gravel operation Sand and gravel operation• http://www.weirimc.com/industries.htmHalite/Sylvite mineHalite/Sylvite mine
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