ES 104 Laboratory # 1MODELS AND SYSTEMSIntroductionGoals and Objectives Part A - A Model of the Sun-Earth-Moon SystemPhases of the Moon Questions: Part B – The SeasonsQuestions:1 ES 104 Laboratory # 1 MODELS AND SYSTEMS Introduction We use models to represent the natural world in which we reside. Throughout human history, models have also been used to represent the solar system. From our reality here on Earth, we take part in an Earth-Moon-Sun system. The relationship between their positions at various times determines some common phenomena such as seasons, moon phases, and day length. In this lab, you will use physical models to explore these relationships. Goals and Objectives • Create scale models and make sketches that reasonably portray observations of components of the Earth-Moon-Sun system • Use physical models to determine the reasons for the phases of the moon, the seasons, and the length of the day Useful websites • http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moonphase • http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/phases.html • http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html • http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/projects/data/Seasons/seasons.html2 Name_________KEY______________________ Lab day ______Lab Time_____________________ Pre-lab Questions – Complete these questions before coming to lab. 1. Define the following terms as related to systems: A. Open System A SYSTEM THAT CAN FREELY EXCHANGE MATTER AND ENERGY FROM OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SYSTEM B. Closed System A SYSTEM THAT CAN EXCHANGE ENERGY BUT NOT MATTER FROM OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SYSTEM 2. Is the Earth an open or closed system? Why? EARTH IS ESSENTIALLY A CLOSED SYSTEM, THAT EXCHANGES ENERGY, BUT ALMOST NO MATTER, FROM OUTSIDE ITS BOUNDARY 3. What is the distance from the Earth to the Moon? How long does it take the Moon to revolve around the Earth? MOON IS ON AVERAGE 384,401 KM FROM EARTH, VARYING FROM 361,337 TO 407,465 KM. MOON TAKES 271/3 DAYS TO ORBIT EARTH. IT IS 29.5 DAYS TO GO COMPLETELY THROUGH ITS SET OF PHASES, BACK TO ITS STARTING PHASE. 4. Define the following terms (draw diagrams to illustrate your answers): A. Waxing moon THE CHANGE FROM NEW TO FULL, WHERE A GREATER PORTION OF MOON IS ILLUMINATED EACH EVENING. B. Waning moon THE CHANGE FROM FULL TO NEW, WHERE A LESSER AMOUNT OF MOON IS ILLUMINATED EACH EVENING. C. Full Moon WHEN MOON IS COMPLETELY ILLUMINATED. D. New Moon WHEN NONE OF MOON IS ILLUMINATED. 5. What is the difference between “waning moon” and “third quarter phase”? MOON LOOKS TO BE A ‘HALF MOON’ AT THE THIRD QUARTER PHASE; IT IS WANING IN THE THIRD QUARTER, BUT WANING LASTS FROM FULL THROUGH ¾ TO NEW.3 Part A - A Model of the Sun-Earth-Moon System Phases of the Moon You will construct a physical model of the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Materials for your model will be at the appropriate activity station. The purpose of this model is to investigate the phases of the moon, which include new, first quarter, full, and third-quarter (or last-quarter). Refer to your textbook (Fig. 20.23, p. 568, Earth Science, Tarbuck and Lutgens, 11th ed.) to see how they appear in the sky. Use a small sphere affixed to a stick to model the moon. Figures 2, 4, 6 and 8 represent the view of the model as if you were far from Earth, but above the North Pole. A lamp acts as Sun. Position Moon, Earth and Sun (lamp) at the locations indicated in figures, placing Earth about half a meter (50 cm) from Sun. On Figure 2, blacken in the shadowed part of the moon. Figure 2: A top view of the Sun-Earth-Moon model. Locate the 'observer on a stick' cut out and use the 'observer' to represent you standing on Earth's surface. This observer represents how “we” here in Monmouth, Oregon would view the moon phases. Your job is to deduce what the 'observer on a stick' located on Earth will see. On Figure 3, blacken in the shadow of the moon's face that the 'observer on Earth' sees when looking into the sky. Figure 3: The way a person on Earth would observe the moon. The phase (see above) of the moon is _________________NEW______________.4 Figure 4 represents another top view of the model. Holding Moon at the new location as indicated below, blacken in the shadowed part of the moon. Figure 4: A top view of the Sun-Earth-Moon model. What does the 'observer on a stick' see now? To indicate this, blacken in the shadow of the moon's face in Figure 5. Figure 5: The way a person on Earth would observe the moon. The phase of the moon is _____FIRST QUARTER _____________. Blacken in the shadowed part of the moon in figure 6. Figure 6: A top view of the Sun-Earth-Moon model.5 Again, blacken in the shadow of the moon's face in Figure 7 when it is in the above position. Figure 7: The way a person on Earth would observe the moon. The phase of the moon is _____FULL Once more blacken in the shadowed part of the moon when it is located as shown in Figure 8. Figure 8: A top view of the Sun-Earth-Moon model. When an observer looks into the sky, what will they see when the moon is located as it is in Figure 8? Indicate what they see in Figure 9, below. Figure 9: The way a person on Earth would observe the moon. The phase of the moon is _________THIRD QUARTER_________.6 Mental Exercise: Now construct drawings 3A, 5A, 7A, and 9A for an observer viewing Moon from the Southern Hemisphere (for example, from a position “down under” in Australia). To model this new frame of reference, take your observer on a stick and “walk” them down to Australia when Moon is in the locations shown in Figures 2, 4, 6, and 8. (Note the observer should now be “up-side-down.”). In the spaces provided below, draw the four corresponding Moon views for this new observer position. Figure 3A: How a person on the Earth in Australia would observe the moon. The phase of the moon is _____ NEW________. Figure 5A: How a person on the Earth in Australia would observe the moon. The phase of the moon is _____FIRST QUARTER _____________. Figure 7A: How a person on the Earth in Australia would observe the moon. The phase of the moon is _______ __FULL____________. Figure 9A: How a person on the Earth in Australia would observe the moon. The phase of the moon is ____ THIRD QUARTER _____________.7 Questions: 1. Assuming the Earth-Moon-Sun position is the same, does the phase of the moon change when viewed from the Northern
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