1VOLCANOESNew homework due next Tuesday, Nov 23Extra Credit Chapter 14 “The Fire Below” due next Tuesday, Nov 23Bryson Extra Credit ReadingA Short History of Nearly Everything Chapter 14: “The Fire Below” Short summary due November 23, by your class time. Available at the bookstore, on line sales outlets, local libraries, and a ragged copy on reserve at the library (treat it gently)Bowen’s Reaction SeriesOceanic basin tectonics Partial melting due to decompression Mantle material results in mafic magma Basaltic oceanic crust forms• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.htmlIcelandic Rifthttp://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/0829_09_iceland.jpgConvergent plate boundary Partial melting by water flux From continental crust results in felsic magma Granitic continental crust forms• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html2Fujiyamahttp://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_composite_volc_Fujiyama.jpgTectonics of Magma Basaltic magmaà From partial melting of mantleà Occurs at oceanic ridges and mantle plumesMd k i tàMore dense: makes oceanic crust Granitic magmaà From melting of crust, with water as fluxà Occurs at convergent boundariesà Less dense: makes continental crustLow viscosity lavahttp://smart.tin.it/domsky/4/fotos-imagenes/immagini/1/2002_07_28_archive.htmlPahoehoehttp://gaia.busanedu.net/~creative/2002/cyber/rock/pages/20651_pahoehoe.htmAAhttp://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/aa_pahoehoe_lg.jpgKilaueahttp://www.fhvnp.org/albums/seminar_1142006.htm3Mt St Helens Beforehttp://www.ncusd203.org/north/depts/science/slack/mt_helens.htmlAsh of Mt St HelensKilauea spatter conehttp://www.billystudio.com/photo_album/Big_Island/Volcano_Park_Slide/pages/Kilauea%20Spatter%20Cone%201984.htmVolcanic bombshttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/bomb.htmlbombhttp://www.volcanicimages.com/krakatau/krakatau.htmlTerms Viscosity: resistance to flow Pyroclastic: material blown into the air by volcanic eruption What is the relationship of lava viscosity to pyroclastic production by a volcano? Greater viscosity=more likely to have pyroclastic material4Lava character Volcanic gas information belowhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.htmlVolcanic gas compositionKilauea Summit Hot Spot 1170°CCOHClH20H2SH2S02C02http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.phpVolcanic gas compositionErta` Ale Divergent Plate 1130°CCOS02H2H2SHClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erta_AleH20S02C02http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.phpVolcanic gas compositionMomotombo Convergent Plate 820°CH2COhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Momotombo.jpgH20S02HClH2SCOC02http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.phpShield volcanohttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ShieldVolcano.htmlPahoehoehttp://gaia.busanedu.net/~creative/2002/cyber/rock/pages/20651_pahoehoe.htm5Pahoehoe http://www.mistermoose.org/rtw/usa/hawaii/pahoehoe.htmlAAhttp://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/aa_pahoehoe_lg.jpgA'ahttp://news.cnet.com/2300-13576_3-10001182-2.htmlActive Lava Tubehttp://www.doubledeckerpress.com/skylight.htmKilauea Calderahttp://www.globalgeografia.com/album/oceania.htmShield volcanohttp://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_shield_volc.jpg6Hawaiihttp://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/hawaii/big_island.htmlMt St Helenshttp://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Dig_a_Hole_to_China_Chapter1.htmlMtStHelenshttp://www.geology.mcmail.com/volcanoes.htmAsh progression map of May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helenshttp://www.cmos.ca/Ao/articles/v190207.pdfAsh of Mt. St. Helenshttp://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htmAsh Bedhttp://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/30714277-048_caption.html7Welded tuff Composite conehttp://courses.unt.edu/hwilliams/GEOG_3350/examreviews/volcanic_structures.htmBlasted summit of Mt. St. Helenshttp://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htmWhaleback dome in Mt. St. Helenshttp://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htmMt. Meager, British Columbia, CanadaGlass cliff of Mt. Meager eruption 2500 y.b.p.8Pumice lapilli of Mt. Meager Pumice deposit of Mt. MeagerMt Hoodhttp://www.geog.utah.edu/~hmiller/photos/Mt_Hood.jpgCascade Volcano eruptionshttp://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htmFujiyamahttp://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_composite_volc_Fujiyama.jpgRing of firehttp://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/fire.htmlNuee Ardente9St. Pierre Harbor, 1902http://rolfgross.dreamhosters.com/LafcadioHearn-GE/MartiniqueStPierre-MtPeleeLifeLett1.jpgMartiniquehttp://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Pelee.htmlMartiniqueVideo of nuee ardente: http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/flhs/science/apes/images.htmlhttp://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/images/051296/pf_sea.mpgSt Helens Blast Zonehttp://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htmLahar Mt St Helenshttp://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Lahars.htmlLaharLink to Nevado del Ruizhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/RuizLahars.html10St Helens Depositshttp://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htmRainier Laharshttp://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Lahars.htmlParicutinhttp://www.bol.ucla.edu/~asuarezn/Paricutin_page.htmlAsh from Paricutinhttp://www.greenville.k12.oh.us/volcano/cindercone.htmlParícutinhttp://www.greenville.k12.oh.us/volcano/cindercone.htmlCinder cone11Cinder coneshttp://courses.unt.edu/hwilliams/GEOG_3350/examreviews/volcanic_structures.htmSan Juan Parangaricutirohttp://www.bol.ucla.edu/~asuarezn/Paricutin_page.htmlMt Etnahttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect13/Sect13_4d.htmlVolcanic features Fissure Pipe VentOi tOpening at summit may be crater or calderahttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/earthscience/Geology/volcanoes/structure/structure2.jpgAspects of volcano types Crater Lake12Caldera initial stage Caldera final stageCollapse caldera formation Like Crater Lakehttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/volclandforms.htmKilauea Calderahttp://satftp.soest.hawaii.edu/space/hawaii/nav/ap.kilauea.htmlKilauea Caldera—Stage 1http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.htmlKilauea Caldera—Stage 2http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.html13Kilauea Caldera—Stage 3http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.htmlValles Grandehttp://ve.ou.edu/weaver/votw/valles.htmCurtain of firehttp://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/decker/hawaii_curtain_of_fire.phpLava
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