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WOU ES 104 - Study Guide

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Review Questions, Chapter 7, 12th Ed. 1. Alfred Wegener is credited with developing the continental drift hypothesis. 2. The puzzle-like fit of the continents, especially Africa and South America. 4. Wegener and his associates found that the fit of the continents, fossil evidence, paleoclimatic evidence, and similarities in rock type and structural features all seemed to link the now-separated continental landmasses. 5. If Mesosaurus was able to swim well enough to cross the vast ocean currently separating Africa and South America, its remains should also be found on other continents. Since this is not the case, we conclude that South America and Africa were joined during the time period that these animals existed. 7. Wegener thought that if the continents had previously been at different latitudes, they would have been in different climatic zones. 8. The first approximations of plate boundaries were made on the basis of earthquake and volcanic activity. 9. Divergent boundaries —where plates are moving apart Convergent boundaries—where plates are moving together Transform fault boundaries—where plates slide past one another along faults 10. Sea-floor spreading refers to the creation of new sea floor at the oceanic ridges along with its conveyor belt movement away from the ridge crests. Sea-floor spreading occurs today along the oceanic ridges. 11. Subduction zones occur in the deep-ocean trenches where slabs of oceanic crust are descending into the mantle. Subduction zones are associated with convergent plate boundaries. 12. Lithosphere is being consumed at convergent boundaries where a slab of oceanic crust is plunging into the asthenosphere. The production and the destruction of the lithosphere must occur at about the same rate, because Earth is neither growing nor shrinking in size. 13. The Himalayan Mountains formed as a result of a collision between the Indian landmass and the Asian continent.Review Questions, Chapter 7, 12th Ed. cont. 14. Transform fault boundaries, like the San Andreas fault, represent areas where plates slip past one another. Lithosphere is neither produced (as along divergent boundaries) nor destroyed (as along convergent boundaries) along transform faults. 18. The age of the oldest sediments recovered by deep-ocean drilling is about 160 million years. Some continental crust has been dated at 3.9 billion years. 19. Hot spots are relatively stationary plumes of molten rock rising from Earth's mantle. According to the plate tectonics theory, as a plate moves over a hot spot, magma often penetrates the surface, thereby generating a volcanic structure. In the case of the Hawaiian Islands, as the Pacific plate moved over a hot spot, the associated igneous activity produced a chain of five major volcanoes. The oldest of the Hawaiian Islands is Kauai. The youngest, and only active volcanic island in the chain, is the island of Hawaii. 21. Himalayas: formed along a convergent continent–continent collisional boundary between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia. Aleutian Islands: islands are the oceanward part of a volcanic island arc situated on the northwestern margin of the North American plate; the volcanoes lie above the subducting Pacific plate. Red Sea: The Red Sea occupies a major rift zone and very young seafloor spreading center that has opened between Africa and the Arabian block. Andes Mountains: The Andes are a volcanic and plutonic arc resting on the western margin of the South American plate; they lie above subducting, oceanic lithosphere of the Nazca and Antarctic plates. San Andreas fault: This is a transform fault that forms the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. The crustal sliver composed of westernmost California and the Baja California peninsula on the eastern edge of the Pacific plate is moving northwestward with respect to North America. Iceland: Iceland and nearby smaller islands constitute a major zone of basaltic volcanism that probably overlies a mantle hot spot located directly beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the divergent boundary between the Eurasian and North American plates. Japan: The Japanese Islands lie on the eastern margin of the Eurasian plate, above subducting parts of the Pacific and Philippine oceanic plates. Mount Saint Helens: This is a very young stratovolcano in the state of Washington; it is part of the Cascade Range, a continental-margin, volcanic arc extending from the Canadian border to northern California.Answers to Review Questions Chapter 8, 12th edition 1. An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy, usually along a fault. A fault is a fracture along which there is or has been movement. When slippage occurs, an earthquake results. 2.A fault is the plane or zone of fracture separating two blocks that are abruptly displaced during an earthquake. The focus is the point at depth, usually in a fault zone, where the displacement and sudden release of elastic energy are initiated. It marks the initial rupture site associated with the earthquake. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus. 4. When stress is applied to crustal rocks, they respond by bending and in doing so they store elastic energy much like a rubber band does when it is stretched. Once the strength of the rock is exceeded, the rock fractures, and movement takes place along this fracture or fault. This slippage allows the deformed rocks to snap back to their original shape—a process called elastic rebound. It is the springing back of the rock that produces the vibration we call an earthquake. 8. P waves travel through all materials, whereas S waves are propagated only through solids. Further, in all types of rock, P waves travel faster than S waves. 10. Circum-Pacific belt. 12. Each Richter number is about Thirty (30) times more energy than the lower. 11. The nature of the material on which the structures had been built, the design and construction of the buildings, the distance to the epicenter. 14.Many factors can be noted, particularly, the amplitude of the ground displacement or acceleration, the length of time that shaking occurs, and the character of the ground shaking. In general, vertical ground motion is not so dangerous as lateral or horizontal shaking, and short-period (high-frequency) vibrations are less dangerous than longer-period vibrations. Stability of the foundation material,


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WOU ES 104 - Study Guide

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