Time to see your advisoradvisor Registration November 16-20http://www.myspace.com/over60agelesslady5 points Extra Credit5 points Extra CreditS i thi k i NS 103Seminar this week in NS 103 Wednesday November 11, noon to 1 Attend, write a ½ to 1 page content and reflection paper describing the presentation pp g pand how it relates to our environment, this class, your life, etc.y Due by Noon Friday November 13 by email attachment to [email protected], @,or handwritten in your next lecture class after the seminar (Nov 11 or 12) ()MINERALSMineralMineral Naturally occurringInorganicInorganic Solid Regularly repeating internal arrangement of atomsof atoms Definite chemical compositionRk b dfi l d/Rocks may be composed of minerals and/or other materialPeriodic tablePeriodic tableAtomic structureAtomic structureATOM FEATURESATOM FEATURES Nucleus contains both protons and neutronsneutrons Each atom of an element has the same number of protons in the nucleusnumber of protons in the nucleus Different atoms of the same element may have different numbers of neutrons in thehave different numbers of neutrons in the nucleusThese differingneutron atoms are calledThese differing-neutron atoms are called isotopesShells of electronsShells of electronsELECTRON FEATURESELECTRON FEATURES Electrons occur in a cloud around nucleusMore likely to occur at certain distancesMore likely to occur at certain distances and with a certain amount of energy than ith lth h llin other places—the energy shells Inner shells fill before outer shells are createdFull shells more stable than partial shellsFull shells more stable than partial shellsPERIODIC TABLE Arranged from lowest atomic number to hi h f l f i h f bhighest, from left to right, from top to bottom Each row corresponds to an energy level (electron shell) Each column contains elements with similar ac co u co ta s e e e ts t s aproperties, which repeat on a regular (or periodic) basispe od c) bas s These similar properties are a result of the same number of electrons in the outermost shellnumber of electrons in the outermost shellPeriodic tablePeriodic tableIonic bondingIonic bonding Result of stability of filled outer shells of electronselectrons Sodium apt to lose its lone outer electron Chlorine apt to fill its nearly-full outer shellNucleus of atomNucleus of atom1. All except 2.2.Contains the electrons2.Contains the electrons3. Contains the neutrons4Ctith t4.Contains the protons5. Is responsible for most of pthe mass of the atom0%0%0%0%0%12345ElectronsElectrons1. All of these2. Are a function of the periodic ptable3.Are very low mass compared3.Are very low mass compared to protons and neutrons4Don’t participate in atomic4.Don t participate in atomic bonding5Have a neutral charge0%0%0%0%0%5.Have a neutral charge12345MineralMineral1. All of these2.Dietary supplement2.Dietary supplement3. Made of rock4Nt l tlli4.Natural crystalline compound5. Same as element0%0%0%0%0%12345Elemental Abundance in CrustElemental Abundance in CrustSilica tetrahedronIsolated and chain SilicateIsolated and chain Silicate StructureOlivine crystalOlivine crystalHornblendeHornblendeSheet silicate structureSheet silicate structureCleavage—micaCleavage—micaFramework silicate structureFramework silicate structurePotassium FeldsparPotassium Feldsparhttp://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Feldspars.htmlQuartz: conchoidalandirregularand irregularfracturehttp://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Quartz.htmlIMPORTANT MINERALIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES LUSTER: all minerals have it CRYSTAL FORM: some show it STREAK: color may be whiteoo ayb COLOR: may be diagnosticQuartz crystalsQuartz crystalsPyrite crystalsPyrite crystalsPyritohedrons Five sided facesTfTen faces Often striated• http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.htm• http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/nf/ClipArt/Image/0,,239020_1581737_,00.htmlHornblendeHornblendeFluorite crystalsFluorite crystalsstreakstreakColor may not help to identify mineral These are all quartzhttp://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Quartz.htmlColor may not http://minerals.caltech.edu/Silica_Polymorphs/index.htmlhelp to identify mineralmineralhttp://www.palagems.com/mineral_news_2008_v1.htmhttp://khubert.blogspot.com/2006/01/pink-halite.htmlhttp://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Colorado/mineral_Rhodochrosite.htmlColor may be diagnosticColor may be diagnostichttp://geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/color.htmCopperCopperNonsilicate—bornite copper oreNonsilicate—bornite copper oreIMPORTANT MINERALIMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES HARDNESS: compare to common itemsCLEAVAGE: planes of internal weaknessCLEAVAGE: planes of internal weakness FRACTURESPECIFIC GRAVITY d it h ftSPECIFIC GRAVITY: density, heft “OTHER” PROPERTIESà MAGNETISM, TASTE, SMELLà FIZZ IN Hydrochloric ACID DILUTE, HEATED, IF MINERAL IS POWDEREDà DOUBLE REFRACTIONHardnessHardness1Tl6Othl1.Talc2. Gypsum6. Orthoclase7. QuartzFingernail 2.5 Streak plate 7.5yp3. Calcite4FluoriteQ8. Topaz9 CorundumPenny 3.54.Fluorite5. Apatite9. Corundum10. Diamond Steel nail 5Glass 5.5Conchoidal fracture—quartzConchoidal fracture—quartzCleavage—muscoviteCleavage—muscovitePotassium FeldsparPotassium Feldsparhttp://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Feldspars.htmlPlagioclasePlagioclaseHornblendeHornblendeGalena cleavageGalena cleavageHaliteHaliteCalciteCalcitehttp://marlimillerphoto.com/Min.htmlFibrous fracture—asbesoformFibrous fracture—asbesoform mineralEffervescenceEffervescenceDouble RefractionDouble RefractionThe resistance of a mineral to abrasion is known as ________.1. cleavage2.luster2.luster3. Hardness4Nfth4.None of these 5. streak0%0%0%0%0%12345What element is the most abundant in Earth’s crust by weight?1. carbon2.chlorine2.chlorine3. Oxygen4ili4. silicon5. sodium0%0%0%0%0%12345Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?1. gold2ice2.ice3. Quartz4. water5wood5.wood0%0%0%0%0%12345The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known asparallel planes is known as ________.1l1. cleavage2. cracking lusterg3. fracture4habit4.habit5. streak0%0%0%0%0%12345The most unreliable (variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is ________.1. color 2.habit2.habit3. hardness4ifi it4. specific gravity5.
View Full Document