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WOU ES 104 - Constellations

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1 Star groups 88 recognized Stars names by brightness in them Orion: Greek Hunter White Tiger: Chinese• http://lithops.as.arizona.edu/~jill/EPO/Posters/Orion/protoplanets.html• http://borghetto.astrofili.org/costellazioni/costellazioni.htm Bright star to lower left of lower left of Orion is Sirius• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/the_universe/images/starmaps/map_orion.jpg “The Dog Star” Brightest star in skyIn Canis MajorIn Canis Major• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/the_universe/images/starmaps/map_canis_major_jpg_image.html Second brightest in northern sky Very large Rather cool• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/the_universe/Arcturus.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus2 Revolution (orbit) around Sun Proposed by Copernicus: prediction that other planets would have phases like Moon Galileo found phases of Venus with telescope observationsobse at o s Rotation on axis Tested with pendulum swing over a 24-hour day, by Foucault, in 1851 Precession of axial direction• http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4242610371139275474&q=precession+of+equinox&total=54&start=10&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4Animation link -- http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/im/lunation-anim.gif Takes 29 ½ days to proceed through its phases—Synodic month Same side always faces EarthRotates on axis once each 27 1/3 days—Rotates on axis once each 27 1/3 daysSidereal month No atmosphere—extreme temperature variation: 127oto -173oC• http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr130/im/moon_sidereal.gif Sidereal with reference to a distant star Note directions of view are parallel for sidereal month Lunar eclipse Moon is in Earth’s shadow Solar eclipse Earth is in Moon’s shadow Favorable for eclipse twice each year because Moon’s orbital plane around Earth at an angle to Earth’s orbital plane around Sun3 3475 km diameter Density ~ Earth’s mantlehttp://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg More craters indicated older surfaces No weathering and erosion like on Earth Terra pale colored highlands anorthosite Maria dark colored lowlands basalt Impact of large object melted near-surface materialmaterial Flowed and solidified as the ‘Maria’ we see4http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/ http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/ Some competing hypotheses:tt astronomycast.com discovery.comhttp://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/Right part of Right part of photo is ‘dark side’ that cannot be seen from Earthhttp://spacekids.hq.nasa.gov/osskids/animate/moon.html Distances not to scale Earth approximately 12,800 km diameter Earth is about 150,000,000 ,,km from Sun5 Rocky material Silicate minerals Metal compounds—mostly iron Ices—note the ‘s’ Ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, water Gases Predominantly hydrogen and helium Terrestrial planets Mostly silica and metallic compounds Very little amount of gases and ices Jovian planets—‘like Jupiter’pp Lots of gases and ices Substantial amounts of rocky material in their core—silica and metalhttp://cnr2.kent.edu/~manley/copernicus_crater_area.jpghttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mercury.html 1973 launch Venus and Mercury in 1974http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mar10/m1004.htmhttp://www.solarviews.com/raw/venus/venusvis.gif Ultraviolet light photographhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/gif/Venus.jpg Magellan radar image mosaic False color Magellan mosaichttp://www.solarviews.com/browse/venus/venus1.jpg6http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/venus/venera9-10.jpg Photo by Hubblehttp://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/16/image/bhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/marssp.htm 461 km diameter CO2frost at lower right Mosaic from Vikinghttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/schiap.htmhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm Mosaic by Mars Global Surveyor MOChttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/global.htm 624 km diameterkhh 25 km highhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/olympus.htmhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm http://www.solarviews.com/raw/mars/network.gif7http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/water.htmhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlfmos21.htm http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlpan22.htm


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WOU ES 104 - Constellations

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