1 Star groups 88 recognized Stars names by brightness in them Orion: Greek Hunter White Tiger: Chinese• http://lithops.as.arizona.edu/~jill/EPO/Posters/Orion/protoplanets.html• http://borghetto.astrofili.org/costellazioni/costellazioni.htm Bright star to lower left of lower left of Orion is Sirius• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/the_universe/images/starmaps/map_orion.jpg “The Dog Star” Brightest star in skyIn Canis MajorIn Canis Major• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/the_universe/images/starmaps/map_canis_major_jpg_image.html Second brightest in northern sky Very large Rather cool• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/the_universe/Arcturus.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus2 Revolution (orbit) around Sun Proposed by Copernicus: prediction that other planets would have phases like Moon Galileo found phases of Venus with telescope observationsobse at o s Rotation on axis Tested with pendulum swing over a 24-hour day, by Foucault, in 1851 Precession of axial direction• http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4242610371139275474&q=precession+of+equinox&total=54&start=10&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4Animation link -- http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/im/lunation-anim.gif Takes 29 ½ days to proceed through its phases—Synodic month Same side always faces EarthRotates on axis once each 27 1/3 days—Rotates on axis once each 27 1/3 daysSidereal month No atmosphere—extreme temperature variation: 127oto -173oC• http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr130/im/moon_sidereal.gif Sidereal with reference to a distant star Note directions of view are parallel for sidereal month Lunar eclipse Moon is in Earth’s shadow Solar eclipse Earth is in Moon’s shadow Favorable for eclipse twice each year because Moon’s orbital plane around Earth at an angle to Earth’s orbital plane around Sun3 3475 km diameter Density ~ Earth’s mantlehttp://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg More craters indicated older surfaces No weathering and erosion like on Earth Terra pale colored highlands anorthosite Maria dark colored lowlands basalt Impact of large object melted near-surface materialmaterial Flowed and solidified as the ‘Maria’ we see4http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/ http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/ Some competing hypotheses:tt astronomycast.com discovery.comhttp://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/Right part of Right part of photo is ‘dark side’ that cannot be seen from Earthhttp://spacekids.hq.nasa.gov/osskids/animate/moon.html Distances not to scale Earth approximately 12,800 km diameter Earth is about 150,000,000 ,,km from Sun5 Rocky material Silicate minerals Metal compounds—mostly iron Ices—note the ‘s’ Ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, water Gases Predominantly hydrogen and helium Terrestrial planets Mostly silica and metallic compounds Very little amount of gases and ices Jovian planets—‘like Jupiter’pp Lots of gases and ices Substantial amounts of rocky material in their core—silica and metalhttp://cnr2.kent.edu/~manley/copernicus_crater_area.jpghttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mercury.html 1973 launch Venus and Mercury in 1974http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mar10/m1004.htmhttp://www.solarviews.com/raw/venus/venusvis.gif Ultraviolet light photographhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/gif/Venus.jpg Magellan radar image mosaic False color Magellan mosaichttp://www.solarviews.com/browse/venus/venus1.jpg6http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/venus/venera9-10.jpg Photo by Hubblehttp://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/16/image/bhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/marssp.htm 461 km diameter CO2frost at lower right Mosaic from Vikinghttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/schiap.htmhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm Mosaic by Mars Global Surveyor MOChttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/global.htm 624 km diameterkhh 25 km highhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/olympus.htmhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm http://www.solarviews.com/raw/mars/network.gif7http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/water.htmhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlfmos21.htm http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlpan22.htm
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