Minor Members of the Solar System Light Astronomical ToolsMinor Members of Solar System“Planet”“Dwarf Planet”Pluto and CharonKuiper BeltPluto and CharonOrbits of outer planetsInclination of Pluto’s orbitErisEris (2003 UB 313)Orbit of 2004 DW Kuiper Belt Object Ceres compositionAsteroidsAsteroidsGaspraCometDetail of CometHale BoppMeteorsMajor Impact StructuresMeteor Crater, ArizonaManicouagan, QuebecShoemaker-Levy 9SL9 scar on JupiterThe Nature of LightWavesOverlapping ripplesWaves are movement of energyTrace of pendulumWave terminologyWave DescriptionRipplesStationary BugMoving BugDoppler shiftDoppler Effect of SirenDoppler effect of movement on the reception of wave formsElectromagnetic SpectrumSpectrumContinuous SpectrumDark Line SpectrumBright Line Spectrum3 types of spectraEffect of Red Shift on Na SpectrumTrifid NebulaAstronomical ToolsRefracting TelescopeReflector Telescope10 m Keck TelescopeView through atmosphereGreater resolving power outside atmosphereHubble Space TelescopeVery Large Array of RadiotelescopesElectromagnetic SpectrumJames MaxwellHeinrich HertzThomas EdisonGuglielmo MarconiKarl Jansky’s radio discoveryJansky’s radio antennaGrote ReberReber’s dish antennaReber’s galactic map of radio emissionsHow Radio Telescopes WorkNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryArecibo, Puerto RicoRadio Image of SunIn Class Activity 4In Class Activity 4In Class Activity 4In Class Activity 4In Class Activity 4In Class Activity 4In Class Activity 4In Class Activity 3In Class Activity 3In Class Activity 3In Class Activity 3In Class Activity 2In Class Activity 2In Class Activity 2In Class Activity 2In Class Activity 2In Class Activity 1In Class Activity 1In Class Activity 11Minor Members of the Solar SystemLightAstronomical ToolsChapter 22, pages 629-635Chapter 23, pages 640-649Minor Members of Solar System• Asteroids• Meteoroids• Comets•Kuiper Belt Objects• Dwarf Planets“Planet”•Orbits Sun• Not a satellite• Dominates its orbital path“Dwarf Planet”• is in orbit around Sun• has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to pull itself into near-spherical shape • has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit • is not a satellitePluto and CharonHST image• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/pluto/pluto3.htmKuiper Belt• Donut shaped area containing numerous icy bodies of various sizes• Eris is the largest discovered• Pluto and Charon are some• Triton, moon of Saturn, is likely one that was captured by Saturn’s gravity• Origin of numerous comets that orbit Sun in periods less than 200 yearsPluto and Charon• Pluto has Charon as a satellite, or they are twin dwarf planets• Does not dominate its orbit• Largest Kuiper Belt Object– “Plutonian objects” of which it is the original exampleOrbits of outer planets• Notice Pluto is sometimes closer to Sun than Neptune • http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.htmlInclination of Pluto’s orbit• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html2Eris•Kuiper Belt Object• Larger than Pluto• Discovered in 2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)Eris (2003 UB 313)http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#sizeOrbit of 2004 DW Kuiper Belt ObjectIn redCompare to Pluto in black• http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Echad/2004dw/Ceres composition• http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.htmlAsteroidsIda, Gaspra, Deimos, Phobos• http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.htmlAsteroidsGaspraComet Detail of Comet3Hale Bopp Meteors• http://www.jplnet.com/img2002/meteor.jpg• http://www.dmsweb.org/Major Impact StructuresMeteor Crater, Arizona• http://www.xtec.es/recursos/astronom/craters/METEOR.jpgManicouagan, QuebecShoemaker-Levy 9• http://www.nineplanets.org/sl9.htmlSL9 scar on Jupiter• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/sl9/image/sl9g_hst5.gifThe Nature of Light• Light is made of photons• Photons act as particles• Photons act as wavesWaves• Movement of energy, not of matter4Overlapping ripplesWaves are movement of energy• The matter pretty much stays put• Video link below, clip #142-69http://www.4oliveus.com/land_4_sale/images/L_Wave_of_Grass.jpghttp://creative.gettyimages.com/source/frontdoor/DefaultFilm.aspxTrace of pendulumWave terminologyhttp://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/satmet/modules/spectrum/wavelength.htmlWave Description• Wavelength—distance from one part of the wave to the same part of the next wave• Crest—top• Trough—bottom• Amplitude—distance from midway between crest and trough, to the crest or trough•Period—time for one complete wave to pass• Frequency—how often the wave passesRippleshttp://www.yenra.com/banner-ad-effectiveness/Stationary Bug Moving Bug Doppler shifthttp://www.eiu.edu/~mediasrv/davis/chapter_12/ch12_6.htm5Doppler Effect of SirenDoppler effect of movement on the reception of wave formsElectromagnetic SpectrumSpectrum Continuous Spectrum• From glowing gas under pressure• Like the interior of SunDark Line Spectrum• White light passing through cold, low pressure gas• Gas absorbs its elemental wavelength signatureBright Line Spectrum• Incandescent hot gas emits its elemental wavelength signature3 types of spectra6Effect of Red Shift on Na SpectrumTrifid Nebula Astronomical Tools• Optical Telescopes– Refracting telescope– Reflecting telescope– Space telescopes• Other telescopes– Radio telescopes– Infra-red sensing– X-ray, gamma ray emissionsRefracting Telescope Reflector Telescope 10 m Keck TelescopeView through atmosphereGreater resolving power outside atmosphereHubble Space Telescope7Very Large Array of RadiotelescopesElectromagnetic Spectrum James MaxwellUnified electricity and magnetism into aspects of the same force1860-1870http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_prehist.shtmlHeinrich HertzBuilt device to transmit 5 m long electromagnetic waves1888http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_prehist.shtmlThomas EdisonProposed experiment to measure electromagnetic radiation from Sun1890Never conducted the experimenthttp://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_prehist.shtmlGuglielmoMarconiSensitive radio receiver allowed communicationhttp://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_prehist.shtml#marconiKarl Jansky’sradio discoveryFound radio emission from Milky Way1933http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_jansky.shtmlJansky’s radio antennahttp://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_jansky.shtmlGrote Reberhttp://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_reber.shtml8Reber’s dish antennahttp://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_reber.shtmlReber’s
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