It i I PIntrusive Igneous ProcessesMineral ResourcesMineral ResourcesIntrusive featuresIntrusive featureshttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/volcanic.htmlSill diagramSill diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmsillsillColumnar jointingColumnar jointingDike diagramDike diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmdikedikehttp://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/minrx.htmLaccolithLaccolithhttp://www.fs.fed.us/r4/resources/geology/geo_points_interest/dixie.shtmlUte Mtn LaccolithUte Mtn Laccolithhttp://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/707/images/fig53.jpgUte MtnUte Mtnhttp://www.fone.net/~rfrankd/UteMountain2.htmStock and batholith diagramStock and batholith diagramhttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmMagma bodyMagma bodyIgneous bodiesIgneous bodiesbatholithbatholithWestern USWestern US batholith exposurehttp://bio-geo-terms.blogspot.com/2007/02/batholith.htmlExposed batholithExposed batholithRoof pendantsRoof pendantshttp://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htmPlutons in PatagoniaPlutons in Patagoniahttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/drawn.htmlContact of Patagonia Pl tPlutonhttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/drawn.htmlMagma environmentsGeothermal GradientGeothermal Gradienthttp://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1001/Summer_Session/CourseReview.htmConfining pressureConfining pressurehttp://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/igneous/igneous.htmlDecompression meltingDecompression meltingMagma at oceanic ridgehttp://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/PLATETEC/SpreadCtrs.HTMOceanicOceanic ridge gsectionhttp://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/depts/science/earth/smith/smith3.htmRifting tectonic settingRifting tectonic settingDivergent continentalDivergent continentalIcelandhttp://www.mortbay.com/images/holidays/1998/Iceland/Iceland05.htmlIceland volcanic riftIntraplate volcanismIntraplate volcanismHotspot Volcanic chain on North AiAmericahttp://www.anthonares.net/2006/03/the-yellowstone-supervolcano-a-pulsing-malevolance.htmlHot spot volcanismHot spot volcanismIsland chain from mantle plumeIsland chain from mantle plumehttp://faculty.weber.edu/bdattilo/parks/parks_t2_review.htmlWater driven from subducting slabWater driven from subducting slab•lowers melting temperaturelowers melting temperaturePartial MeltingPartial Meltinghttp://oldweb.uwp.edu/academic/geology/workshop/rock.htmLocations of volcanoes1.—melting increases volumeLocations of volcanoesOcean-ocean Convergent 1.—melting increases volumevolcanismAleutians--obliqueAleutiansobliquehttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Aleutians-aerial.jpghttp://home.earthlink.net/~patron9/ with permission of author tom bigleyAleutians—from spaceAleutiansfrom spaceTaken on the STS-56 shuttle mission, in April 1993. Image number: STS056-071-031http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aleutians-space.jpgContinent-ocean convergent boundary volcanismSouthern South AmericaSouthern South Americahttp://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/screenshots-bm.htmlSummary of tectonic environments fi kof igneous rockshttp://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Introigrx.htmlMineral ResourcesMineral Resources•Ore:Ore: – Mineral or rock from which metal is extractedAnything that can be mined at a profit–Anything that can be mined at a profit• Industrial mineral:f–geological materials which are mined for their commercial value, which are not fuel and are not sources of metalsnot sources of metalsOre DepositsOre Deposits•Many metallic elements don’t fit intoMany metallic elements don t fit into common silicate crystal structures•Remain in solutions left by cooling magma•Remain in solutions left by cooling magma• Can permeate surrounding rocks or fill ki di kcracks in surrounding rocksDisseminated Ore DepositsDisseminated Ore Deposits•Solutions permeate surrounding rocksSolutions permeate surrounding rocks• Precious metals: mostly goldBtl ldi•Base metals: copper, lead, zincTypical grade of disseminated ildiprecious metal depositDisseminated gold depositDisseminated gold deposit• Disseminated gold deposit• http://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/gold_geology.htmCopper mine in AiArizona•Copper mineCopper mine in Arizona• http://regulus2.azstarnet.com/gallery/view/33221Bingham Copper Minehttp://www.mining-technology.com/projects/bingham/bingham2.htmlBingham Copper Mine• Bingham Canyon Copper Mine: largest manmade excavation on EarthCopper deposit disseminated in strata• Copper-cobalt deposit in Zambia• http://www.datametallogenica.com/pages/minidisc/html/nkana_files/nkana-fieldmine/page.htmlVein Ore DepositsVein Ore Deposits•Fluid fills cracks in surrounding rocksFluid fills cracks in surrounding rocks• Mineral deposits are often visible to the naked eyenaked eye• Hydrothermal depositsHydrothermal veins•Commonly haveCommonly have quartz and/or calcite•Sometimes other•Sometimes other minerals depositedTh ‘ th l d ’•The ‘mother lode’ gold deposits were of thi tthis type• http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/geologyofcornwall/Mineralisation.htmVein depositVein deposit• Sulfide vein deposit• http://www.zambia-mining.com/explorationright.htmlVein depositsVein deposits• Copper vein deposit• http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/gold/nugget/index_e.phpPlacer Ore DepositsPlacer Ore Deposits•Concentrated by weathering andConcentrated by weathering and transportation•Streams beaches•Streams, beachesPlacer Gold• Panning and li b thdsluice box methodshttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/slucing.htmhttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/Panning.htmHydraulickingHydraulicking• Historic and modern odecommercial placer miningpghttp://nevada-outback-gems.com/basic_prospecting/commercial_equip.htmMarine placer depositshttp://geology.uprm.edu/Morelock/reshard.htm• gold, platinum, tin, titanium, and rare earth metals“Industrial” Minerals• Usually not metals•Limestone for cementLimestone for cement• Sand and gravel for constructionCh i l•Chemicals– Fertilizer–Flux–Salt• Clay for bricks and ceramicsCement plantCement plant• Cement factory: processes limestone• http://www.abbasllcgroup.com/cementSand and gravel operationSand and gravel operation• Sand and gravel operation• http://www.weirimc.com/industries.htmHalite/Sylvite mineHalite/Sylvite mine• Potassium chloride (sylvite) for fertilizer(y )Detroit salt mineN t ill d ti•Note pillar and room
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