Birth of Modern Astronomy Celestial MotionGet your lab manualPeer Led Team LearningNicolaus CopernicusTycho BraheTycho Brahe in his observatoryTycho’s 1572 Nova observationsTycho’s comet of 1577Tycho’s model of solar systemJohannes KeplerFirst Law of Planetary MotionKepler’s 2nd LawKepler’s third law of planetary motionGalileo GalileiGalileo’s notes on Jupiter’s moonsPtolemaic version of VenusPhases of VenusGalileo’s explanation of Venus’ phasesMoon’s surface has textureGalileo’s Astronomical DiscoveriesFoucault’s PendulumIsaac NewtonOrbital motion of planetsBrief ReviewConstellationsOrionStar names in OrionOrion’s place in the skySiriusArcturusCelestial positionEarth turns pointed at PolarisPolaris and Big DipperPolaris and Big DipperPolaris and Big DipperPolaris and Big Dipper—each 8 hoursWhat is a ‘day’?What is a ‘day’?What is a ‘day’?Plane of the eclipticAnimation of equinox and solsticeEquinox and solstice related to the plane of the eclipticConstellations on the eclipticAxial wobble--precessionPhases of MoonSidereal vs. Solar DayMoon’s MotionLunar EclipseSolar EclipseSolar EclipseEclipse geometryLab Starts this WeekMoonMeteor ImpactCompression WaveEjecta RimEuler CraterLunar FeaturesMaria FormationFlood BasaltLunar ExplorationFootprint in lunar regolithMoon formationImpact of asteroidEjecta from impactCoalesced to form MoonMoon was initially hotMoon by Apollo 17 CrewRayed CraterLab Starts this WeekIn Class Activity 2Earth MovementIn Class Activity 1Major contributors to modern astronomyMajor contributors to modern astronomyMajor contributors to modern astronomy1Birth of Modern AstronomyCelestial MotionLab starts this week—NS 017Bring lab manual to labDo Prelab 1 before you go!Get your lab manual• Do Prelab 1 and bring to lab class• Lab starts with activities this week• Make-ups are difficult to accomplish, so be sure to attend your lab regularly• Must pass lab to pass classPeer Led Team Learning• Library—Room 101• Wednesday 5:30 to 7:30 PM• Add ES104X—CRN 11870• Can add before Oct. 8 session– Do review questions to see if you think it help– Sit in to see if it is for youNicolausCopernicus• Earth rotates on an axis, instead of everything orbiting Earth• Earth orbits Sun like the planets, so it a planet too• “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”, 1543http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/copernicus.htmlTycho Brahe• Detailed observations of movement of planetshttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.htmlTycho Brahe in his observatory• His careful observations and records are his most important legacyhttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.3.htmlTycho’s 1572 Nova observationshttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.1.htmlTycho’s comet of 1577http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.2.htmlTycho’smodel of solar system• Discounted Copernicus model because he could not discern stellar parallax• It does exist, he didn’t have tools to see ithttp://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.4.html2Johannes Kepler• Tycho’s assistant and successor• Used Tycho’s data to determine planetary orbits are ellipticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Johannes_Kepler.jpgFirst Law of Planetary Motion•Orbit of planet is ellipse• Sun at one FocusKepler’s 2ndLaw• Equal areas in equal time intervals accounts for the uneven speedsKepler’s third law of planetary motion•p2=d3p=Period (time to orbit Sun) in Earth yearsd=Distance in Astronomical Units: 1 A.U.=distance from Earth to SunGalileo Galilei• Strong supporter of Copernican model of planetary movement• Built 30x telescopes (from descriptions of the devices) and looked at planets and Moon starting in 1609http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#TechnologyGalileo’s notes on Jupiter’s moons• Telescope used to see that another body in solar system is a center of orbital movement• These moons are not left behind, and Earth’s Moon is not eitherPtolemaic version of Venus Phases of VenusGalileo’s explanation of Venus’phases3Moon’s surface has textureGalileo’s Astronomical Discoveries• When viewed by telescope, planets look like discs, not points of light as stars do• Jupiter has moons• Venus has phases• Moon’s surface has texture• Sun rotates on an axisFoucault’s Pendulum• 1851• Proved Earth does rotate on its axis—Copernicus’hypothesisIsaac Newton• Invented the calculus to simplify calculations• Explained the orbital motion of planets as the interaction of inertia and gravityOrbital motion of planets Brief Review• Sun is at the center of the solar system• Published by Copernicus– Supported by Galileo’s telescopic observations of Jupiter and Venus• Kepler determined orbits are ellipses• Newton determined orbits created by interaction of inertia and gravityConstellations• Star groups• 88 recognized• Stars names by brightness in themOrion• Southern Sky• Hunter•White Tiger• http://lithops.as.arizona.edu/~jill/EPO/Posters/Orion/protoplanets.htmlStar names in Orion• http://borghetto.astrofili.org/costellazioni/costellazioni.htm4Orion’s place in the sky• Bright star to lower left of Orion is Sirius• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/the_universe/images/starmaps/map_orion.jpgSirius• “The Dog Star”• Brightest star in sky• In Canis Major• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/the_universe/images/starmaps/map_canis_major_jpg_image.htmlArcturus• Second brightest in northern sky•Very large• Rather cool• http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/the_universe/Arcturus.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcturusCelestial position Earth turns pointed at Polaris Polaris and Big DipperPolaris and Big Dipper Polaris and Big DipperPolaris and Big Dipper—each 8 hours5What is a ‘day’?• Mean Solar DayWhat is a ‘day’?• Sidereal Day• Incredibly distant stars—closest is 60,000+ times further than SunWhat is a ‘day’?• Mean Solar Day—24 hours• Sidereal Day—23 hours, 56 minutesPlane of the eclipticAnimation of equinox and solsticeEquinox and solstice related to the plane of the eclipticConstellations on the eclipticAxial wobble--precession• http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4242610371139275474&q=precession+of+equinox&total=54&start=10&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4Phases of MoonAnimation link --
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