PSYC 307 1st Edition Study Guide 2 Lecture 9 Infancy October 2 Six states of arousal o Active irregular sleep quiet regular sleep crying alert awake drowsing Sleep o REM vs non REM EEG brain waves differ REM active light Important for autostimulation Non REM deep quiet o Cultural differences Co sleeping is custom for 90 of the world s cultures nighttime separation of child and parents is norm in the US o Benefits of napping Rebecca Gomez experiment Perception o Sensation what type of information we receive from senses o Perception organizing information in a way that is meaningful to the individual Habituation Behavioral responses Visual acuity o Scanning and Tracking Scanning faces objects Age differences Tracking follow an object from side to side o Pattern preferences and age differences o Shape and size constancy Color Lecture 10 Infancy and Physical Growth Face Perception o Prefer face to non face stimuli prefer upright to inverted faces prefer unscrambled faces to scrambled faces prefer attractive faces o Perceptual narrowing Other species effect Other race effect Depth Perception o Visual Cliff Study Eleanor Gibson o Kinetic motion cues Impending collision Accretion and deletion o Binocular cues convergence of the eyes o Pictorial cues larger things perceived as being closer Auditory perception o Babies can discriminate between different tones and pitches o Sound location Speech perception o Categorical o Experience Object perception o Object segregation completion of partially occluded figures Imitation o Face imitation give back what you have seen at a later time o Hand imitation o Deferred imitation o Imitation of incomplete goals Intermodal perception o Piaget vs Emiricists vs Nativists o Evidence Oral visual Auditory visual Tactile visual Lecture 11 Infancy and Language New Paradigms o Violation of expectation object permanence o Reaching in the dark Information processing approach o Mobile kicking paradigm vs conditioning paradigm Memory o Attention and memory relationship between the two Speed of encoding Motor development o Newborn reflexes Involuntary response to stimulation o Milestones in motor development Pushing up rolling over sitting up pulling up walking w and w o support Back lying and locomotion SIDS o Locomotion Adolph study what you know about crawling does not transfer to what you know about walking Language o Symbols Systems for representing thoughts feelings knowledge and communicating them o Development of language Rule system of symbols used to communicate Infinite generativity Comprehension vs production o Theories of language development Behavioral social learning Nativist deep structure vs surface structure of language Interactionist some things are inborn some things come with experience Connectionist brain made up of connections and networks Biological aspects speech apparatuses and maturation Environmental aspects sounds outside your native language Lecture 12 Intelligence Intelligence Spearman s definition of IQ positive associations between cognitive tasks o Calculating intelligence IQ intelligence quotient Mental age chronological age 100 Measuring intelligence o Stanford Binet Test verbal and nonverbal subtests Five domains fluid reasoning knowledge quantitative reasoning visual spatial processing working memory Fifth Edition classification o Bayley Scales of Infant Development Domains motor fine and gross language receptive and expressive cognitive development o Raven s Progressive Matrices Measures ability to complete the pattern o Wechler Series different tests can measure specific domains Verbal comprehension perceptual speed working memory Problems with measuring intelligence o Flynn Effect IQs steadily increase from one generation to the next Racial cultural biases Communication Gender biases Stereotype threat o Correlations with intelligence g o Low end of the Bell Curve Idiopathic vs syndropathic o High end of the Bell Curve Intrinsically motivated to master material need stimulation o IQ scores as predictors More closely related to occupational success than SES school attended etc Genes Environment and Development of Intelligence o Genes have substantial influence o Environmental contribution Other views on intelligence o Two types Crystallized factual increases with age Fluid ability to think on the spot declines slowly after adulthood o Alternate perspectives Sternberg s Theory of Successful Intelligence Triarchic theory analytic creative practical Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Individual differences intelligent in different ways People possess at least 8 types of intelligence o Linguistic logical mathematical spatial musial naturalistic bodilykinesthetic intrapersonal interpersonal Lecture 13 Research Development not covered on the exam Lecture 14 Development of Language cont Critical periods of development Humans and language o Species specific behavior o Species universal auditory cortex Bilingual children o Hemispheric differences in language processing Precursors to language development o Categorical speech perception o Production of speech sounds cooing babbling intonation o Social aspects of language o Prelinguistic speech acts infant gestures infant directed speech o Learning parts of language word recognition and comprehension o Grammatical development mean length of utterance Semantic development o Learning words and meanings of words o Charted by vocabulary Naming explosion Fast mapping Whole object assumption Mutual exclusivity assumption o Pragmatic cues overextension Types of Early Words o Object and action o State Lecture 15 Nonlinguistic Symbols and Sex Differences SYMBOLS Symbol some entity that can stand for something other than itself o Symbol referent relationships Iconicity mapping Development of Symbol o Models DaLoache o Dolls used to elicit testimony of abuse GENDER DEVELOPMENT Terminology o Sex differences biological o Gender differences learned or nurture based Stereotypes roles typing identity Sex Gender Differences o Physical brain size strength sex characteristics activity vulnerability o Social play aggression intimacy o Cognitive development spatial verbal Gender identity o Social learning theory o Cognitive development theory o Social Constructivist theory Gender Schema Biological perspective hormones and development o Organization o Activational Relevant developmental periods o Prenatal postnatal reproductive maturity Human research strategies o Behavioral o Atypical populations o
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