Study Guide 3Development of Emotions and Temperament (Ch. 10)I. Emotional Developmenta. Definition of Emotion: feeling of affect or arousal and the response that you give i. Discrete approach: born with basic emotions1. Facial, vocal, body, physiological ii. Functional approach: maintain status quo or work toward a goal II. First Appearance of Basic Emotionsa. Happiness – smile, social smile, laughb. Anger – general distress, angerc. Sadnessd. Fear – stranger anxiety, temperament, separation anxiety III. Complex/Self-Conscious Emotionsa. Shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride (requires sense of self)IV. Emotional Self-Regulation a. Development from infancy to adolescence b. Requires effortful control c. Coping strategies i. Problem-centered coping – used when situation is seen as changeable ii. Emotion-centered coping – used if problem-centered does not work V. Identifying Emotions of Others a. Development by age PSYC 307 1st Editionb. Sympathy and empathyi. Sympathy – feeling of concern or sorrow for another’s plight ii. Empathy – feeling same or similar emotions as another person c. Understanding causes of emotionsi. Display rules – when and when not to display emotions VI. Perspectivesa. Functionalist approach i. Functions of emotions: cognition, social, health VII. Development of Temperament a. Definition: differences in emotional reactivity that emerge early in life i. Emotional responsiveness b. Infant temperament i. Thomas and Chess ii. Rothbartc. Defining personality: temperament; emotional, behavioral ways of interacting with environment;way of thinking about the world, experiences, intelligence Attachment to Others I. Attachmenta. Definition: an emotional bond with a specific person that endures across space and time (strong and enduring affectionate ties)b. Theoriesi. Psychoanalytic (Freud, Erikson)ii. Learning (Harlow)iii. Ethological (Bowlby, Ainsworth)c. Attachment categories i. Secureii. Insecure/resistantiii. Insecure/avoidantiv. Disorganized/disoriented II. Causes of secure and insecure attachmenta. Caregiving hypothesis, Ainsworthi. Moms of securely and insecurely attached infants differ in responsiveness b. Temperament hypothesis, Kagan c. “Goodness of Fit” Model d. Cultural variations III. Factors affecting attachment securitya. Opportunity – interaction and contactb. Quality of caregiving c. Infant characteristicsd. Family circumstancese. Parent’s internal working models i. Father as attachment figures; working mothers Self and Social Concept (Ch. 11)I. The Concept of Selfa. Conceptual system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneself i. Can include thoughts b. The two self’si. The I (private self)ii. The me (public self) c. Theories of development of self-concept i. Social learningii. Psychoanalyticiii. Constructivist iv. Nativist II. Development of self-concept a. Self-recognitioni. Rouge experiments b. Categorical self c. Psychological self – how people conceptualize themselvesIII. Theory of Mind a. Well-organized understanding of how the mind works and how it influences behavior i. People have minds and their own understanding of how the world should operate b. Testing – the smarties task IV. Self-Esteema. How you evaluate yourself; judgments about yourself and your self-worth b. Developmenti. Related to how other’s view you ii. Achievement related attributions1. Mastery oriented 2. Learned helplessnessV. Identity in Adolescencea. Begin to develop sense of personal identity that incorporates numerous aspects of self i. Eriksonii. Marcia’s Categories The Family (Ch. 14)I. Parents and socialization a. Direct instructorsb. Indirect socializersc. Providers and controllers of opportunity II. Parenting styles a. Degree of parental warmth, support, acceptanceb. Degree of parental control and demandingness c. Baumrind’s parenting stylesi. Authoritative parenting (demanding, supportive)ii. Authoritarian parenting (demanding, unsupportive)iii. Permissive parenting (undemanding, supportive)iv. Disengaged parenting (undemanding, unsupportive)d. Factors affecting parenting stylei. How THEY were raisedii. Characteristics of their childreniii. SESiv. Ethnicity III. Sibling Relationshipsa. First born b. Birth of a siblingc. Role of siblingsd. Sibling relationships IV. Divorce and Remarriagea. Divorcei. Impact on children depends on 1. Age of children 2. Severity of parental conflict3. Amount of time and quality experience4. Sex of childb. Remarriage – stepfamilies i. Age is a big factor in how they accept new families Peer Relationships (Ch. 15)I. Play a. Typesi. Nonsocial playii. Parallel playiii. Social interaction b. Play categories i. Functional playii. Make-believe playiii. Constructive playiv. Games with rulesII. Friendshipsa. Intimate, reciprocated positive relationships between people b. Functionsi. Source of emotional support and securityii. Support of friends particularly important during transitional periods iii. Serve as a buffer against unpleasant experiences c. Types of peer groupsi. Clique – small group of individuals that are similar in interests and attitudes ii. Crowd – groups of smaller cliques; share a common interest d. Structure of groupsi. Leader – has skills/characteristics that the group valuesIII. Popularity and rejection a. Populari. Everyone likes them, viewed mainly positivelyb. Rejected i. Viewed mainly negatively, others do not want to be around them c. Controversial – you either love them or hate themd. Averagee. Neglected IV. Factorsa. Keys to popularity – social skillb. Reasons for rejection – difficulty interpreting others’ behaviorMoral Development (Ch. 12)I. Theories of Moral Development a. Biological, social learning, cognitive development b. Kohlberg i. Preconventional, conventional, unconventional ii. What motivates behavior is externally influenced/driven/motivated iii. Theory of moral judgment 1. Stage theories, universal (applies equally to all cultures and societies)c. Carol Gilligan i. Gender differences in moral development II. Prosocial behavior a. Altruism: showing behaviors that will benefit someone elseb. Moral core theory – moral sense evolved to sustain collective action and cooperation i. Moral goodness: empathize with others from the beginning ii. Moral understanding and evaluationiii. Retribution – consequences for people that behave differently c. Karen Wynn – helper vs. hinderer preference i. Rests on intention behind action (theory of
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