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TAMU PSYC 307 - Attachment and Social Self
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PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 18Overview of Previous Lecture- Emotion and temperament o Stability of Temperamento Personality- Attachmento Attachmento Attachment Categories Overview of Current Lecture - Attachment o Causes of secure and insecure attachment o Factors affecting secure attachment o Other Issues o Quality of attachment in later developmento Basis of long-term effects - Self and Social Understanding o The Concept of Self o Theories of Development of Self-Concept o Development of Self-Concept Attachment I. Causes of Secure and Insecure Attachmenta. Caregiving hypothesis, Ainsworthi. Moms of securely and insecurely attached infants differ in responsiveness1. Securely attached – parents/mothers who are in tune to their baby; recognize needs, respond; more physical interaction, warm, caring2. Resistant – moms respond to babies, but are not well in tune to what babies are asking; inconsistent responsiveness, no synchrony in interactions 3. Avoidant – caretakers unengaged, unresponsive; babies disregard caretaker a. Or extremely overbearing parents; always there, always in their faceb. Temperament hypothesis, Kagan i. Evidence 1. Easy (60%), difficult (10-15 %), slow to respond (15-25%)2. Secure (60-70%, resistant (10%), avoidant (20%)a. Are temperament and attachment a connected construct?i. Similar numbers in corresponding categories b. May not be the same kidsc. Responsiveness of parents is a better predictor than temperament, but temperament still plays a role c. “Goodness of Fit” Modeli. Temperament 1. Often measured by parent evaluation of their own children 2. How the temperament of the kid matches the temperament of the adult d. Cultural variations in attachmenti. US, European, African countries have similar distribution1. Most secure, more avoidant than resistant ii. Japan, Middle East1. Most secure, more resistant than avoidant 2. New different experiences than they experience in everyday lifea. Strange Situation II. Factors that Affect Attachment Security a. Opportunity for attachment – interaction and contact i. 1970s – infants and dads had 2.7 interactions per dayii. 2000s – babies and dads spend average of 4 hours together per day iii. Those in foster homes or orphanages develop attachment relationships with each other; in absence of adults b. Quality of caregivingi. Sensitive caregiving – caregiver recognizes what child is asking for ii. Interactional synchrony – back and forth relationship/responding c. Infant characteristicsi. Fearfulness, anxiety, distress, distrust – can lead to problems developing secure d. Family circumstancesi. Dynamic – attachment is not a onetime thing ii. Changes in family environment can disrupt secure attachment e. Parents’ internal working models III. Other Issuesa. Father as attachment figuresi. Infants attach to dadsii. Dads may lay more versatile role 1. Women remain nuture/caregivers, dad plays role as authority and playmate a. Even if stay at home dad 2. Men may be more flexible in roles; can become nurturer, while mom’s often have harder time becoming playmatea. Dads play physically, gross-motor skills; moms play turn taking games, read books, etc. b. Working mothersi. Many variables effect quality of attachment1. Single mom, low SESa. Children at higher risk than other kids for developing poor attachment i. Work demand, ability to provide, 2. Age of infanta. Infants that go to full time daycare before age 1 can be more susceptible to insecure attachment 3. Quality of daycarea. Caretaker to child state mandated ratio, physical environment, space, communication with parents, continuity4. Attitude of parents a. Toward job, toward daycare, toward home life b. Positive day care experiences, but with negative home livescan still help child develop secure attachment IV. Quality of Attachment in Later Development a. Internal Working Model of Attachment i. Overall effect on functioningb. Securely vs. insecurely attached i. 2 years – better problem solvers, better playmatesii. 3-5 years – more socially and intellectually competent iii. 6 yearsiv. Adulthood – security of attachment can influence romantic relationships 1. Retrospective data – “how did you perceive your relationship with your parents” 2. Secure relationship with parents can lead to good relationships with romantic partnersV. Basis of Long-Term Effects?a. Direct effect of “good” parents remain “good parents”?i. Develop attachment relationships and parenting styles that facilitate social competence b. Combination of early attachment status and quality of subsequent parenting Concept of the SelfI. The Concept of Self a. Conceptual system made up on one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneselfb. Conceptions about the self can include thoughtsi. Physical being or characteristicsii. Social roles and relationshipsiii. “spiritual” or internal characteristicsc. The two selfs (William James)i. The I (private self)1. “who you are”, understanding that you can have an impact; your interaction with the world2. Develops early ii. The me (public self)1. How other people view youII. Theories of Development of Self-Concept a. Social learningi. The looking glass self (Cooley and Mead)ii. Social interactionsb. Psychoanalytic i. Separation and individuation 1. Development of autonomy (1-3 years)c. Constructivist (Piaget)i. Through interaction with world, we construct our sense of self d. Nativisti. Early sense of self, from the beginning ii. I before meIII. Development of Self Concepta. Self-recognitioni. Rouge experiments 1. Put rouge/lipstick on nose, sit them in front of mirrora. If they recognize that it is themselves, they will touch their nose to get it off; if they don’t recognize it as them, they will touch the mirror b. 18 month old was able to recognize herself 2. Agesa. <9 months; don’t recognize themselves, don’t recognize reflective properties of mirror b. 9-15 months: don’t recognize themselves, but do recognize reflective properties c. 15-18 months: babies begin to show evidence that they recognize themselves in the mirror (touch the nose)d. 18 months: good recognition of themselves b. Categorical Selfi. Developmental changes1. Age, gender (young people and old people; boys and girls) a. 18 months: kids begin to recognize that there are categoriesb. 6 months: recognize and understand that they fit into a category that will remain 2. Ethnicity, racea. 3-5 years: kids begin to recognize that there are


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TAMU PSYC 307 - Attachment and Social Self

Type: Lecture Note
Pages: 5
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