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TAMU PSYC 307 - Introduction to Infancy
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PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 9Overview of Previous Lecture-Theories of DevelopmentOverview of Current Lecture- Infancyo States of Arousalo Sleep o Perception October 2 – Infancy (sets basis for rest of development)I. Six States of Arousala. Active/Irregular (light) sleep – 8 hrsi. Rapid eye movements, twitching, spontaneous movements, startle responsesii. Irregular heart rate and breathing b. Quiet/Regular (deep) sleep – 8 hrsi. Regular breathing (slow, deep), no rapid eye movements, motor system very still c. Crying – 2 hrsi. Awake and crying – all resources focused on cryingd. Active awake – 2.5 hrsi. Moving around, not as focused as alert awakee. Alert awake – 2.5 hrsi. Quiet, eyes open and settled – really taking in information (eye contact, follow face/voice), alert and processing stageii. Very short period of time each day f. Drowsing – 1 hri. In between sleep states and awake states g. Between states – healthy, functioning babies transition from state to state, regularly II. Sleepa. REM vs. non-REM sleepi. REM – active/lightii. Non-REM – deep/quiteiii. EEG brain waves different – REM waves more like awake brain waves 1. Consolidating information that you have gathered throughout the day 2. REM sleep better for articulation and memory – important for cognitive functionsb. Developmental Changes i. Amount of REM sleep decreases as child approaches 10 years1. Newborns spend about 50% of their time in REM sleep ii. Amount of NREM sleep stays relatively constant c. Purpose of REM sleepi. Rest/recovery – no1. Findings suggest REM sleep is an important time for autostimulation ii. Autostimulation – yes 1. Pre-term babies spend more time in REM sleep because they are inneed of more stimulationiii. Babies spend more time in REM sleep; and fall into REM sleep more quickly (right away)d. Cultural Variations in Infant Sleeping Arrangementsi. North America tradition for nighttime separation of parent and infant1. The more you separate from your baby, the more independent they will become 2. Unique to US culture ii. Co-sleeping is norm for 90% of world, often until adolescence 1. Common among US ethnic minority familiesa. Rate in US increasing (among mothers working outside the home)i. “Nighttime parenting” with your baby all through the night because you cannot be during the day due to work 2. Studies show no differences in dependency a. May be individual differences 3. No evidence for a health hazarda. Health hazard when parents are incapacitated e. Benefits of Nappingi. Rebecca Gomez and colleagues 1. REM sleep and adult memory ii. 15-month-olds1. Experimental procedure a. Training stimulii. Experimental (training on patterns)1. A-B-C pattern (A always predicts C, B can be anything)a. Pel-X-jic and vot-X-rudb. Pel-X-rud and vot-X-jicii. Control (training on specific strings)1. Pel-wadim-jic and vot-kicey-rud2. Pel-puser-rud and vot-yakel-jicb. Delay: nap or no nap c. Testi. Memory for pattern ii. Memory for stringsd. Resultsi. Nappers – remembered patternsii. No-nappers – remembered specific strings iii. Sleep does the same thing in babies as it does in adults1. Consolidate information and extract patterns2. Follow-Up Experimenta. 24 hour delay between test and retest3. Overall conclusionsa. Naps promote abstraction of novel languageb. Naps facilitate abstraction after 24 hoursIII. Perceptiona. Sensation: what type of information we receive from senses i. Basic sensory components being received from outside b. Perception: organizing information in a way that it is meaningful to the individuali. Studying Visual Perception1. Preferential-lookinga. Orienting response: what do babies choose to look at b. Visual preferences tell what information infants gather i. Can tell about how perceptual system is set up1. Predisposition to reason about certain kinds of information?2. Habituationa. Habituate to familiar – amount of time baby spends lookingat somethingi. Recognize that they have seen it beforeb. Preference for noveltyi. Change in behavior suggests that they recognize something as new 3. Behavioral responsesa. Looking time – easiest to measure b. Heart rate – baseline heart rate required c. Sucking rate – becomes rhythmic as they become familiar ii. Visual Capacities1. Acuity – how well you can see under conditions of contrasta. 20/300 to 20/800 (newborns have very poor vision) b. Visual acuity develops very quickly during first six months2. Color vision (newborns prefer color over noncolor stimuli)a. Dichromats – green-redb. Trichromats – blue-green-redi. Babies categorize color by about 4 months old iii. Scanning and Tracking 1. Scanning: faces, objectsa. Younger babies scan outside of objects (one month)i. General structure – area of high contrast (boundaries)b. Older babies scan more on the inside (two months)i. More specific details found here2. Trackinga. Smooth pursuit by 2-3 months of age i. Follow object from side to side – getting information from it 100% of the time iv. Pattern perception 1. Younger babies prefer large elements, older babies prefer smaller patterns a. Younger babies tend to see small patterns as “no pattern”i. Poor visual acuity v. Shape and size constancy – color?1. Shape – ability to recognize 3D shape of an object from any perspective a. Because object moves or because viewer moves b. Develops at about 4 months of age – visual system has extracted a 3D representation of the object 2. Size – visual representation can depend on how close/far it is in space a. 2 months – babies have size constancy b. Recognize that it maintains size despite fact that it looks different sizes3. Color – hue, saturation, brightnessa. Time period unknown; open for debatei. Even adults have difficulty with color


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TAMU PSYC 307 - Introduction to Infancy

Type: Lecture Note
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