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TAMU PSYC 307 - 2.7_compact
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Developmental Psychology12/7/20081Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood2/7/20082A bit more re. health…2/7/20083World Health Issuesz Many deaths could be prevented by a reduction in poverty and improvements in nutrition, sanitation, education, and health servicesz Dramatic increase in the number of young children who have died because of HIV/AIDS transmitted to them by their parents– these deaths occur in countries with high rates of poverty and low levels of education(Bhutta & others, 2005; Kalichman & others, 2005)2/7/20084Closer to home…Parental Smokingz Nearly one-fourth are exposed to tobacco smoke in the homez Children exposed to smoke are more likely to develop wheezing symptoms and asthma than children in non-smoking homesz Also have significantly lower levels of vitamin C in their blood than their counterparts in non-smoking homes(Arshad, 2005; Preston & others, 2003) 2/7/20085Socioeconomic Statusz Poor health status of many young children from low-income families in the United States– Many do not have adequate medical insurance and receive less adequate medical care compared with children living in higher socioeconomic conditionsz Approximately 11 million preschool children are malnourished and have lowered resistance to diseases(Howell, Pettit, & Kingsley, 2005; Ramey, Ramey, & Lanzi, 2006; Olson, Tang, & Newacheck, 2005) 2/7/20086Piaget’s Stages (4 in all)z Qualitative transformations in this balance– Sensorimotor (0-2)– Preoperational (2-6)– Concrete Operational (6-12)– Formal Operations (12-19)Developmental Psychology22/7/20087Cognitive Developmentz Piaget’s Preoperational Stage– from approximately 2 to 7 years of age – children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings – form stable concepts and begin to reason – dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs – Child does not yet perform operations --which are reversible mental actions2/7/20088Preoperational Stagez Three major limitations:1) Egocentrism2) Confusion of Appearance with Reality3) Non-logical reasoning2/7/200893 Mountain Task2/7/200810Theory of Mindz Awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of othersz Studies view the child as “a thinker who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people’s thoughts, feelings, and utterances”z Children’s theory of mind changes as they develop through childhood(Harris, 2006; Flavell, Miller, & Miller, 2002) 2/7/200811Theory of Mindz Age 2 - 3, children begin to understand three mental states:– perceptions– emotions – desires z Age 4 - 5, they come to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately – they realize that people can have false beliefs -- beliefs that are not true2/7/200812Theory of Mind: Beyond age 5z Not until middle and late childhood do children see the mind as an active constructor of knowledge or processing center z Then they can move from understanding that beliefs can be false to realizing that the same event can be open to multiple interpretations(Flavell, Green, & Flavell, 2000; Carpendale & Chandler, 1996)Developmental Psychology32/7/200813Appearance/Reality Distinctionz Difficulty telling difference between how things seem and how things arez Example:– Maynard-the-cat studies (DeVries, 1969)2/7/2008142/7/200815Non-logical Reasoningz Precausal Thinking (or Intuitive Reasoning)– Can’t reason cause-and-effect2/7/200816Non-logical Reasoningz Reasoning from one particular to anotherz E.g., I haven’t had a nap, so it isn’t afternoonz E.g., There are no cemetaries in NYC, so people don’t die there2/7/200817Preoperational Thought: Symbolic Function Substagez Between ages of 2 and 4z Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present z Egocentrism -- inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective z Animism -- the belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities and are capable of action(Gelman & Opfer, 2004) 2/7/200818Preoperational Thought: Intuitive Thought Substagez Between approximately 4 and 7 years of age z Begin to use primitive reasoning and ask all sorts of questions z Questions signal the emergence of interest in reasoning and in figuring out why things are the way they are z “Intuitive” because children seem sure about their knowledge and understandingDevelopmental Psychology42/7/200819Centration and Limits of Preoperational Thought z Another limitation of preoperational thought is centration-- centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. – centration is most clearly evidenced in young children’s lack of conservationz Lack of conservation: lack of awareness that altering an object’s or substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties2/7/2008202/7/200821Non-logical Reasoningz Failure of Conservation2/7/200822Language and Thoughtz According to Vygotsky (1962), children use speech not only for social communication, but also to help them solve tasks -- children use language to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior – language for self-regulation is called private speech– for Piaget, private speech is egocentric and immature– for Vygotsky, it is an important tool of thought during the early childhood years(John-Steiner, 2007; Wertsch, 2007)2/7/200823Comparing Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s Theories z Vygotsky’s emphasis on the importance of inner speech in developmentz The main implication of Vygotsky’s theory for teaching is that students need many opportunities to learn with a teacher and more-skilled peers z Piaget’s view that such speech is immaturez Implication of Piaget’s theory for teaching is that children need support to explore their world and discover knowledge2/7/200824Developmental Psychology52/7/200825Evaluating Vygotskyz Critics say Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinkingz Emphasis on collaboration and guidance has potential pitfalls– Facilitators might be too helpful – Some children might become lazy and expect help when they might have done something on their own2/7/200826Evaluation of Piaget:Kids want to know why you’re asking such stupid


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