3/10/20091Bilingualismz English is second language for 32 million Americans3/10/200923/10/20093Immigrants in the United Statesz Are monolingual speakers of their native languagez Develop bilingualism as they acquire Englishz Establish English-speaking householdsz Raise their children as English-speaking monolinguals (Pease-Alveraz, 1993)3/10/20094Long-term Bilingualism z According to survey data, even Spanish, a language thought to be particularly enduring in the United States, seldom lasts beyond the second or third generation (Pease-Alveraz, 1993)Why do you think this occurs?3/10/20095Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualismz Greater cognitive flexibilityz Higher self-esteemz Greater meta-linguistic awarenessz Potential improved IQ scores3/10/20096SCHOOLING: THE THREE Rs (AND MORE) OF MIDDLE CHILDHOOD3/10/20097Reading: Learning to Decode Meaning Behind Wordsz No other task that is more fundamental to schooling than learning to readz Reading involves significant number of skills3/10/20098What was the first book you remember reading?3/10/20099How Should We Teach Reading? z Disagreement about nature of mechanisms by which information is processed during reading– Code-based approaches – Whole-language approachesz National Reading Panel and National Research Council support reading instruction using code-based approaches3/10/200910Educational Trends: Beyond the Three Rsz U.S. schools are experiencing return to educational fundamentals (embodied in traditional “three Rs”)z Elementary school classrooms today stress individual accountability, both for teachers and students3/10/200911Are We Pushing Too Hard? From Research to Practicez No Child Left Behind Actz Outcomes:– Frequent testing commonplace– Student scores related to federal funding– Reading instruction sometimes replaces recess and other activities– Increase in amount of homework– Some children burn out3/10/200912Is extra homework worth the cost? z Time spent on homework is associated with greater academic achievement in secondary schoolz Relationship gets less strong for the lower grades; below grade 5, the relationship disappearsz For older children more homework is not necessarily betterz Some research indicates that benefits of homework may reach plateau beyond which additional time spent on homework produces no further benefits3/10/200913The social and emotional development of children are taking a back seat to literacy education.Do you agree?3/10/200914Developmental DiversityMulticultural Education3/10/200915Cultural Assimilation or Pluralistic Society? z Cultural assimilation modelz Pluralistic society model3/10/200916Fostering a Bicultural Identityz School systems encourage children to maintain their original cultural identities while they integrate themselves into dominant culturez More contemporary approaches emphasize a bicultural strategy in which children are encouraged to maintain simultaneous membership in more than one culture3/10/200917Intelligence: Determining Individual Strengths3/10/200918Intelligencez Intelligence -- problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to life’s everyday experiencesz Interest in intelligence has often focused on individual differences and assessment – Individual differences-- the stable, consistent ways in which people are different from each other3/10/200919Historic Assessments of Intelligencez Binet and Simon, in France in 1904, developed an intelligence test to meet the need to devise a method of identifying children who were unable to learn in schoolz Binet developed the concept of mental age (MA)-- an individual’s level of mental development relative to others 3/10/200920z In 1912, William Stern created the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)-- a person’s mental age divided by his/her chronological age (CA)z Revisions to the Binet test are called the Stanford-Binettests because revisions were made at Stanford University– IQ = MA/CA × 100 (statistical definition of intelligence)– A normal (or gaussian) distribution shows a symmetrical curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and fewer and fewer scores in the extremes of the range3/10/2009213/10/200922Generational Changes: The Flynn Effect3/10/200923Intelligence Benchmarks z Binet’s Test– Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5) z Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) z Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (KABC-II) 3/10/200924Alternative Conceptions of Intelligencez Spearman’s gz Catell: fluid and crystallized intelligencez Gardner: 8 intelligencesz Sternberg: triarchic theory of
View Full Document
Unlocking...