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TAMU PSYC 307 - The Family
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PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 20 Overview of Previous Lecture - Theory of Mind- Autism and False-Belief- Imaginary Companions- Self-Esteem- Identity in Adolescence - Issues Overview of Current Lecture - Parents and Socialization o Parenting Styles- Factors Affecting Parenting Style - Sibling Relationships - Changes in families in the USo Factors that have changedo Divorce and remarriage November 20I. Parents and Socialization a. Parents can influence their children’s development through socialization in three waysi. As direct instructors who explicitly teach their children skills, rules, etc1. Do as I say ii. As indirect socializers who transmit skills, rules, attitudes1. Do as I do iii. As providers and controllers of opportunities through management of children’s experiences and social lives b. Parenting Styles i. Two important dimensions of parenting style: 1. The degree of parental warmth, support, and acceptance (responsiveness)2. The degree of parental control and demandingness (control) ii. Diana Baumrind identified four styles of parenting related to these dimensions 1. Parenting styles table a. Demanding vs. undemanding (expect a lot, expect little)b. Supportive vs. unsupportive (accepting, rejecting) 2. 4 parenting styles – mix of factors abovea. Authoritative Parenting (demanding, supportive)i. Relationship is reciprocal, responsive, high in bidirectional communication, warm in interaction, explain why rules exist, child-centered ii. Children more socially competent, independent and cooperative as young children, achievement oriented, internalized moral standards during middlechildhood and adolescence (a part of process), high self-esteem, do better in school (get along better) b. Authoritarian Parenting (demanding, unsupportive) i. Relationships is controlling, power-assertive, high in unidirectional communication, no explanation of importance of rules, parent-centered, more likely to use corporal punishment (don’t internalize moral standards; no ownership over rules) ii. Children anxious and insecure, low self-esteem, lowmotivation, not as socially/academically competent c. Permissive Parenting (undemanding, supportive)i. Relationship is indulgent, low in control attempts, parents set rules but are lackadaisical in enforcing them, children set the rulesii. Children socially less mature, boys less motivated than girls, setting their own standardsd. Disengaged parents (undemanding, unsupportive)i. Relationship is rejecting or neglecting, uninvolvedii. Children less socially competent, more aggressive behaviors, higher frustration levelsc. Parental Influence i. Parenting style does influence outcomeii. Academic performance: authoritative parenting produces best results, disengaged parenting produces the worst results iii. Attachment influences quality of relationships with peers 1. Adolescence 2. Young adultsII. Factors Affecting Parenting Style a. How THEY were raised; what you learned from your parents b. Characteristics of their children i. Parents who have attractive children are more likely to have authoritative parenting style ii. Temperament – easy going vs. difficult c. Social economic status – parents of low SES are more likely to be authoritarian i. High SES have more opportunities to spend time with their kids ii. Low SES have higher stress levels; about job security, money, safety in neighborhoodiii. High SES – parents who are highly educated are more likely to be authoritative d. Ethnicity i. Cultural differences in the ways that families interact III. Sibling Relationships a. First born children (on average)i. Parents more affectionate, and more demanding, all energy dedicated to first born at the time; higher IQ, more likely to attend college and get higher degrees, more conforming b. Birth of a siblingi. Earlier born competing for resources; each new baby leads to decrease in amount of attention; regression (especially if 3 years old or younger), responsiveness of parent important for adaptation to new baby c. Role of siblingsi. Older siblings tend to be role models and teachers, take care; spend more time together than they do with parents (in many cases); adolescence and adulthood results in equalization of relationship d. Sibling relationships i. Have positive and negative effects on development and on family functioningii. Important factors 1. Age gap: competition when age gap is smaller 2. Parental treatment of children – “favoritism” 3. Gender – same sex siblings have a more harmonious long-run relationships 4. Relationship of parents – children more likely to get along if parents get along Changes in Families in the United States I. Factors that have changed a. Median age of first marriage have gone up (about 27)b. Both parents employed i. Subculture based on where you live c. Average age of first child d. Unmarried mothers (40% of births are two single moms)e. Older parents i. Establishment of careers and financial stability ii. Advantages: more life experience, more stable environment, more income/financial resources, higher education, more positive in parenting styles, older mothers tend to do fewer hours of housework (either hire someone, or just don’t do it)1. Mothers who work have similar number of interactions with their children as mothers who do not work2. Older fathers are warmer and more comfortable spending time at home and interacting with their kids iii. Disadvantages: less energy, older fathers less physically active with their kids, development of health problems earlier in children’s life, difficulty relating, aging parents (raising children and taking care of your own parents at the same time)I. Divorce and remarriage a. Divorce i. 50% of children grow up in divorced households ii. Divorce is always stressful iii. Children of divorce are at greater risk for 1. Short/long term psychological, behavior, academic and relationship problems iv. Impact on children 1. Age of child (younger children feel like it’s their fault; adapt more easily)2. Severity of parental conflict3. Contact with non-custodial parent (typically father; important for long run outcome) 4. Amount of time and quality of experience 5. Custody arrangement a. Boys more hostile if raised by single mother, girls more passive aggressive/low self-esteem b. Joint-custody tends to work best (more likely to get along)6. Sex of child b. Remarriage – Stepfamilies i. Increasing number of stepfamilies ii. Effects on children 1. Younger vs.


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TAMU PSYC 307 - The Family

Type: Lecture Note
Pages: 4
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