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TAMU PSYC 307 - Prenatal Development and Cognitive Theory Intro
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PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 5Overview of Previous LectureI. Brain and Prenatal Development Overview of Current Lecture:II. Fetal Behavior and LearningIII. Periods in Prenatal Developmenta. Teratogens IV. Birth Experience V. Cognitive Developmenta. Piaget’s Theory Current LectureSeptember 16Fetal Period – continued - Fetal Behavior and Learningo 32 weeks post-conception ~90-95% of time is spent asleep (deep or REM)  Inter-determinant sleep – babies brain is not mature enough to be fully awakeo 40-48 weeks  Spends ~85% asleep  No inter-determinant sleep Fetus very active – explore with hands and legs, “walking” in uterus  Motor movements are more controlled and deliberate during third trimestero 15 weeks post conception  TASTE- Fetus has taste buds Swallowing up to one liter of amniotic fluid per day - Carries essence of taste of what mother eats- Baby’s taste system is set up to have taste for the mother’s breast milko Pre and post natal diet can be based on what the baby prefers Affected by culture o 24-26 weeks Opening/closing of eyes- Visual system is the least developed system at birth - Auditory system well developed prenatally o Hear inside body sounds, outside sounds, mother’s voice o Babies respond to mother’s voice 30 weeks post-conception o Temperament/personality  Prenatal vs. postnatal environment: trouble establishing sleep cycle in utero can effect restlessness and sleep habits postnatalo There is no evidence that over stimulation of music, or Prenatal University, helps the fetus in any way Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development A. Teratogen – anything that can cause a birth defect o Zygotic period: usually not susceptible to teratogenso Embryonic: development of organs/systems – most teratogens occur at this time o Fetal: physiological defects/minor structural abnormalities possibleI. Maternal diseases and conditionsa. Rubella/German measles: common – if contracted during the first trimester, there could be structural abnormalities, blindness, heart defects, etci. Inoculation against GM – notices sent home from schools b. STDsi. Syphilis – most damaging during second trimester1. Skin/eye lesions, effects on central nervous system ii. Genital herpes – effects fetus DURING childbirth 1. C-section: can cause nervous system/brain damage or death if fetus is exposed to lesions iii. AIDS: woman can pass AIDS to offspring during fetal development, birthing process or breast feeding (exchange of fluids)II. Mother’s Agea. Ages 13-19: higher infant mortality rate when mothers are of young age i. Young bodies are not prepared to support the development of a childii. Low SESiii. Inattentive to prenatal health b. Ages 35+, higher risk for chromosomal abnormalities III. Nutrition: during fetal developmenta. Poor nutrition can lead to low birthrateb. Phallic acid: low levels can cause damages to neural tube formation IV. Emotional Well-Beinga. Chronic stress: medical complications, difficult labor, fetal abnormalities more likely i. Stress causes increase in adrenal hormones  blood averted to brain/muscles instead of sending blood/oxygen to fetus V. Smoking, Drugs, Alcohol  delivery complications, low vitalitya. Drugs (cocaine)  premature labor/births; fetus then goes through withdrawal which canlead to mortality b. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): mental retardation, facial deformityi. Oxygen metabolizes alcohol instead of the nutrients the baby needsVI. Environmental Hazards a. Radiation, chemicals, toxoplasmosisi. Toxoplasmosis: bacteria in uncooked meat and cat fecesVII. Teratogens in Generala. Type and timing importanti. Rare that just one teratogen is presentb. Sleeper effects: exposed to teratogens that we are unsure of/don’t know the effect of i. DES – given during pregnancy to resolve medical complications 1. Offspring reached puberty before effects were known2. DES Daughters – more likely to have vaginal cancer, abnormalities in cervix3. DES Sons – susceptible to testicular cancer, infertility c. Illegal/legal substances B. Birth Experience I. Three Stages of Labora. Dilation of Cervix, Transition of Fetusi. Contractions, opening of cervix, baby drops down b. Pushing, birthc. Delivery of PlacentaII. Approaches to Childbirtha. Where: hospital, home, birthing centeri. Home births1. Low SES: safe if care is taken and have been no prenatal complications 2. Not done in high risk situationsa. Multiples b. How: natural (vaginal), induction (induce contractions), C-section (planned vs. emergency)c. Medications: spinal blockd. ComplicationsCognitive DevelopmentI. Piaget’s Theory a. Jean Piaget: forefather of cognitive development b. Constructivisti. No inherent knowledge; we construct our own 1. Come into the world with only reflexesii. Intrinsic motivation: humans/babies WANT to learn iii. Construct knowledge from experienceiv. Perception = thought: can only know something if you are in DIRECT CONTACT with it (no internal knowledge)v. Mechanism for learning = sensory motor explanation c. Interactionist: nature AND nurturei. Adaptation: what you do with information as you receive it daily 1. Assimilation: faced with knowledge that you can link to things that you already know (calling a zebra a horse)2. Accommodation: changing knowledge structures for new information a. Reorganization (calling a zebra a striped horse)3. Equilibration: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium II. Discontinuitiesa. Four states of cognitive theory (central propertiesi. Qualitative changeii. Brief transitions followed by stability iii. Unknowniv. Unknownb. STAGE ONE – Sensori-motor (birth to two years)i. Start with reflexes only (refine to coordination)ii. Object permanence: object continues to exist and maintains properties1. Babies don’t search for hidden objectsiii. A-not-B Error1. 7-8 months: begin to search for objects; hide one object, give two location options – baby will always go back to initial location even whenyou show them it is not therea. Knowledge of world all embedded in physical environment iv. Deferred imitation v. Major accomplishment: OBJECT


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TAMU PSYC 307 - Prenatal Development and Cognitive Theory Intro

Type: Lecture Note
Pages: 4
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