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TAMU PSYC 307 - Social Theories
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PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 8 Overview of Previous Lecture- Theories of Cognitive DevelopmentOverview of Current Lecture - Theories of Social Developmento Freud vs. Erikson- Learning Theories- Ethological Theories Theories of Social Development I. Psychoanalytical theories a. Sigmund Freud (stages covered in textbook)i. Core concepts1. Focus on psychosexual development (first six years of life)2. Humans have biological needs that need to be satisfied3. Society has rules that dictate these urgesii. Three parts of personality 1. Id: largest; unconscious, present at birth; source of biological needs and desires2. Ego: conscious, rational mind; early infancy; reality principle3. Superego: conscience; governs interactions; develops between ages 3-6iii. Unconscious; based on sexual impulsesb. Erik Erikson i. Stages of Psychosocial Development (you must resolve conflict to progress, but you can go back) 1. Trust vs. Mistrust – first yeara. If baby has experiences in which they feel like they can trust their environment (needs met) they will be more likely to develop trust b. Lay first bonds with care takers/adults in their livesi. Understanding of relationships developed 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – 1-3 yearsa. Children become much more independent (can feed, toilet, dress alone)b. If they do not establish independence, they experience shame/doubt c. Autonomy – realistic expectations (time periods)d. Can affect way kids feel about themselves in the world 3. Initiative vs. Guilt – 3-6 yearsa. Make plans, set goals, accomplish those goalsb. Learn social rules (consistent with expectations)4. Industry vs. Inferiority – 6-12 yearsa. Most children enter organized education i. Compared to their peers (fitting in)5. Identity vs. Role Confusion – adolescencea. Establish who they are, and their beliefs b. If you can establish your identity, you can progress to the next stage i. Establish intimate relationships in the right way ii. Intuitive theory c. Differences between theoriesi. Freud: resist urges; Erikson: human nature is good, want to development a system of trust1. Erikson has more positive viewii. F: focus on neuroses, where things go wrong; Erikson: focuses on healthy development iii. F: nature important: about biological urges; Erikson: not all biological, experiences shape also iv. F: Theory goes through age 6, Oedipus and Electra complex (cannot go back and fix it)1. Erikson: development never stops, can go back to revisit issues II. Contributions a. Freudi. Importance of early experiences and emotional relationships ii. Recognition of subjective experience and unconscious b. Eriksoni. Intuitive – break down of stages makes senseii. Search for identity in adolescence has lasting impact iii. Development happens through life span c. Critiques of both theoriesi. Claims too vague to be testableii. Not empirically validated iii. Perhaps cannot generalize (Freud studied women, Erikson studied white men)Learning Theories I. Behavioral Theoriesa. Types i. Classical conditioning1. Pair unconditioned stimulus to unconditioned response (eventually become conditioned)ii. Operant conditioning 1. Pair with punishmentb. Emphasize role of external factors in shaping personality and social behaviorc. Continuity in development, same principles apply throughout lifed. Focus on mechanisms of change – principles of learning i. Individual differences arise because of different environments e. Criticisms i. Good for explaining how to train a rat to get to food/avoid shock/ii. Shape relatively simplistic behaviors – you want to do things that you are reinforced for doingiii. Behaviors too complex – how we learn them cannot be fully explained II. Social Learning Theorya. Emphasizes observation and imitation b. Bandura experiment – Bobo doll and aggression III. Cognitive and Social Learning Theory a. Observational learningi. Imitation and modelingii. Vicarious reinforcement – seeing someone else get pulled over while you were also speedingb. Importance of expectations i. Cognitive representations of consequences c. Regulation and control of behavior d. Perceived self-efficacy (Bandura)i. Beliefs about how effectively one can control own behavior, thoughts, emotions to achieve a goal Ethological Theories – adaptive value of behavior and evolutionary history I. Evolutionary adaptive a. Imprinting (Lorenz)i. Baby ducks follow the first thing that they see moving (mama duck) b. Critical periodsi. Develop behaviors that are important to behaviors c. Sensitive periodsi. You can learn things more quickly/easily at a certain time, but it is not critical to have mastered that skill in that time II. Evolutionary Theories – focus on how environments effect adaptive behaviors a. Focus on human behavior i. Face perception, language, attachment relationships, gender roles b. From the beginning, males have affinity for certain kinds of stimuli (multiples, mechanical)i. Females prefer things with a face, with other propertiesii.  evolutionarily adaptive, attracted to different things through stimuli  gender roles c. Parental Investment Theory – more likely to protect/care for those who are genetically related to you i. Estimated rates of child homicide committed by stepfathers are exponentially higher than those committed by biological fathers III. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model a. Environment is a system of nested structuresi. Microsystem1. Immediate setting for a child (school setting, family setting, church, doctor, etc.)ii. Mesosystem1. Surroundings of child and how those things interact (in unusual ways; indirectly)a. What happens at parent’s job can affect how they interact with childiii. Exosystem1. Outside mesosystem: extended family, friends of family, mass media, etca. Things that affect the people involved in mesosystem iv. Macrosystem1. Larger culture; society that you live in (norms, laws, culture, class)v. Chronosystem 1. Changes in person or environment over time2. Time context (divorce across age)3. Can change how society views something; how people interact and treat children through time Example:


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TAMU PSYC 307 - Social Theories

Type: Lecture Note
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