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TAMU PSYC 307 - Infancy continued
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PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 10Overview of Previous Lecture - InfancyOverview of Current Lecture - Infancy and Development o Types of Perception o Imitation I. Face Perception a. Prefer faces to non-face stimuli i. Identify who you will attend to ii. People in your own social community (recognize specific people)b. Prefer upright to inverted facesi. Recognize the way a face should be c. Prefer unscrambled to scrambled faces d. 2 months and younger - face must be moving to show preferencesi. Sensitive to moving stimuli ii. Early face preferences come from lower level cortical system e. Prefer attractive faces i. Similar to adults ii. Symmetry makes a face attractive 1. Symmetry preference is present very early f. Perceptual narrowing i. Other species effect – habituated to human face, then add a new face (novelty preference)1. Habituated to a monkey face, then add a new monkey face – very young babies can discriminate between faces (fine differences, 3-6 months) 2. 9 months of age – they cannot discriminate between fine differences a. Can discriminate between faces that are important to you (humans)i. If monkeys given name, they become important andolder babies can discriminateii. Other race effect 1. Babies attend to eyes and noses 2. 3 month olds – can discriminate between individuals of any race3. 6 months – better at discriminating between own race4. 9 months – good at discriminated in their own race, losing ability to discriminate between fine differences in other races II. Depth Perception a. Eleanor Gibsoni. Interested in whether or not babies recognize that depth perception is a cuefor danger ii. Visual Cliff Study 1. Babies who have just started crawling will cross visual cliff2. Babies who have been crawling for a month or more will not cross visual cliff iii. Babies can perceive depth, but may not recognize it as signaling danger until they have learned to crawl b. Kinetic cues: motion cues (projection on retina changes)i. Impending Collision (1-3 months)1. Moving and zooming: distance of projection on retina 2. Babies duck reliably when it looks like something is going to hit themii. Accretion and deletion (5 months)1. Relative motion between to objects is kinetic cue that gives perception of depth c. Binocular cuesi. Convergence of the eyes: both eyes converging at same point in space (3 months)1. Information from both eyes transmitted to brain  distance ii. Stereopsis (4-6 months)1. Using binocular cues to know where things are in depth2. Sex differences: girls develop at 4 months, boys at 6-7 months of age a. Related to hormone levels d. Pictorial cues (5-7 months)i. Relative size and height - larger things perceived as closer ii. Linear perspective iii. Shading – convex vs. concave iv. Interposition – something in front/behindv. How to study pictorial cues1. Patch one eye – babies will reach for whatever they perceive to be closer III. Auditory Perception a. Auditory system relatively well developed at birth i. Receive a lot of auditory information in the womb b. Babies can discriminate between different tones/pitchesi. Prefer voice stimuli to non-voice stimuliii. Prefer language to non-language stimuli (prefer native language to other languages) c. Implicationsi. Sets babies up to pay attention ii. Development of language imperative for social development d. Sound location i. Newborns: can recognize what side a sound is coming from ii. 5-7 months: very good at recognizing localization of sound IV. Speech Perception a. Categorical speech perception i. Differentiate between sounds “pa vs. ma vs. ba vs. ta”b. Role of experience i. 8 months of age – differentiate between speech sounds of their own language community ii. Easier to learn different languages while you are young c. Language preferencesV. Object Perception a. Object segregation i. Completion of partially occluded figures – how do babies segregate objects1. Common motion 2. Alignment of edges3. Amount of information available4. Static displays ii. Identification of separate objects in a visual array 1. Featural information (4 months) a. Boundaries dividing different features – adults group them as separateb. Babies use this information to differentiate 2. Physical knowledge (8 months)B. Imitation I. Typesa. Face imitation i. You have seen something, and you give it back later (not while you are doing it)ii. Hold in their mind and then give it back b. Hand imitation c. Deferred Imitation (9+ months)i. After hours or daysii. Meltzoff et. al d. Imitation of incomplete goals (12+ months)i. Imitate entire goal (beginning, plus implied action) II. Functional Significance a. Social communicative purposeb. A way of understanding peoplei. Objects = visual and manual explorationii. People = imitation c. To establish identity of othersC. Intermodal PereptionI. Differing viewpointsa. Piaget – babies don’t have itb. Empiricist – experience allows you to put together a visual experience with objects i. Link how it looks with how it feels/soundsc. Nativists i. Amodal property – can be experienced in any modality 1. Can perceive shape, ridigity, etc through different senses and propertiesii. Babies have difficulty integrating modality specific properties II. Evidence a. Oral-visual (1 months) i. Pacifier – differences in texture 1. Habituated to “nubby” therefore look longer at it when shown picture of nubby vs. smooth ii. Prefer whatever matches what they were habituated tob. Auditory-visual (4 months)i. Louder sounds, coming closerii. Softer sounds, going away c. Tactile-visual (4 months)i. Feel nubby vs.


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TAMU PSYC 307 - Infancy continued

Type: Lecture Note
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