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TAMU PSYC 307 - 2.19_color
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12/19/20091Elephant self awarenessPlotnik, et al (2006). Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073. http://www.livescience.com/common/media/video/player.php?videoRef=Elephant_XMarks“Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiopstruncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing amirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants’ heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation.”2/19/20092DIFFERENCES AMONG INFANTS22/19/20093Characteristics That Make Infants UniquePersonalityz Sum total of enduring characteristics differentiating one individual from anotherz From birth onward, infants begin to show unique, stable traits and behaviors that ultimately lead to their development as distinct, special individuals2/19/20094Erikson: Psychosocial DevelopmentEarly experiences responsible for shaping key aspects of personalities z Stage 1: trust versus mistrust – Trust = sense of hope and success– Mistrust = sense of harsh, unfriendly worldz Stage 2: autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage– Autonomy = sense of independence– Shame and doubt = sense of self-doubt and unhappiness32/19/20095Another View: Temperament and Stabilities in Infant Behaviorz Temperament – Refers to how children behave, as opposed to whatthey do or why they do it– Displayed as differences in general disposition from birth, largely due initially to genetic factors– Tends to be fairly stable well into adolescence– Is not fixed and unchangeable and can be modified by childrearing practices2/19/20096Dimensions of Temperamentz Activity levelz Irritability42/19/20097Categorizing TemperamentBabies can be described according to one of several temperament profiles:z Easy babiesz Difficult babiesz Slow-to-warm up babiesz Inconsistently categorized babiesThomas and Chess, 19802/19/20098Family Life in 21stCenturyz Number of single-parent families has increased dramatically in last two decadesz Average size of families is shrinking z Despite overall decline, half million births to teenage women, the vast majority of whom are unmarriedz Close to 50 percent of children under age of 3 are cared for by other adults while their parents work, and more than half of mothers of infants work outside home z One in three US children lives in low income households52/19/20099From Research to PracticeHow Does Infant Care Affect Later Development?2/19/200910Good news, bad news!Good news (direct benefits):z High-quality child care outside home produces only minor differences Good news (indirect benefits):z Children in lower income households and those whose mothers are single may benefitBad news:z Infants less secure when in low-quality child carez Children who spend long hours lower have ability to work independentlyz Children who spend ten or more hours a week in group child care for a year or more have an increased probability of being disruptive in class62/19/200911Becoming an Informed Consumer of DevelopmentChoosing the Right Infant Care ProviderThe American Psychological Association suggests that parents consider these questions in choosing a program:z Are there enough providers? z Are group sizes manageable? z Has the center complied with all governmental regulations, and is it licensed?z Do the people providing the care seem to like what they are doing?z What do the caregivers do during the day? z Are the children safe and clean? z What training do the providers have in caring for children? z Is the environment happy and cheerful?2/19/200912Chapter 3: The Preschool YearsModule 3.1Physical Development inthe Preschool Years72/19/200913PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRESCHOOL YEARS2/19/200914Looking Ahead z What is the state of children’s bodies and overall health during the preschool years?z How do preschool children’s brains and physical skills develop?82/19/200915Physical GrowthGrowing Bodyz By age 2, 25 to 30 pounds and close to 36 inches tallz By 6 years old, about 46 pounds and 46 inches tall 2/19/200916Individual Differences in Height and Weightz Averages mask great individual differences in height and weight z Gender differences z National and global economic differences92/19/200917Changes in Body Shape and Structurez Bodies vary in height, weight, and shape z Toddler fat burns off z Internal physical changes occur2/19/200918Nutrition: Eating the Right Foodsz Slower growth = less caloric requirementsz Children can maintain appropriate intake of food, if provided with nutritious mealsz Inappropriate encouragement to increase food intake beyond an appropriate level may cause obesity102/19/200919Avoiding a Butter BattleGood nutrition without adversarial situations occur by:z Providing a variety of foods, low in fat and high in nutritional and iron contentz Allowing development of natural preferencesz Exposing children to a wide variety of foods2/19/200920Health and Illnessz 7 to 10 colds and other minor respiratory illnesses in each of years from age three to five– Runny nose due to common cold is most frequentz Majority of US preschoolers are reasonably healthy112/19/200921Injury During the Preschool Yearsz Accidents are greatest riskz Danger of injuries – High levels of physical activity– Curiosity – Lack of judgmentz Individual differences– Gender– Cultural– Socioeconomic2/19/200922Range of Preschool Dangersz Fallsz Burnsz Drowningz Suffocationz Auto


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TAMU PSYC 307 - 2.19_color

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